Based on a case study of a faculty at a university in Hong Kong, this chapter examines how a grassroots approach to professional development enhances the capacity of the teaching staff for blended learning. Professional development plays a pivotal role in supporting the teaching staff to adopt blended learning in their courses to enhance the quality of learning and teaching. However, professional development policies and practices do not always meet the professional learning needs of staff, and many of them do not feel supported in their blended learning practices after attending the professional development sessions. This chapter first discusses how the grassroots approach to professional development in blended learning was developed and implemented in the faculty. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed to document the impact of the professional development on staff’s adoption of blended learning in their courses. Based on the key findings from this set of data from the faculty, the grassroots approach is refined and customised for each faculty at the university as part of the scaling-up process. Copyright © 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

在一國兩制之下，香港這個中國特別行政區定位為一個亞洲國際都會，是全球的金融、商貿和航運中心。培育具國際競爭力的人才營運這國際都會，香港教育要有適度的國際化。香港特區政府一直推動教育國際化，其中一個策略是為中小學生提供學習英文的機會。為了分析香港教育國際化的近年發展情況，此文對香港的高等教育國際化、境外研究生、國際學校、國際文憑課程及學生交流等五方面作出論述，從而探討香港教育國際化特色及其面對的挑戰。Under “one country, two systems”, Hong Kong as a Special Administrative Region in PRC is positioned as an Asian cosmopolitan city and a global financial, commercial and maritime center. Fostering international competitiveness of personnel operating this international city, Hong Kong should have education internationalization modest. The HKSAR Government has been promoting the internationalization of education, one strategy is to provide an opportunity for the students to learn English. In order to analyze the development of the internationalization of education in Hong Kong, this article discusses the five aspects, i.e. internationalization of higher education, overseas graduate students, international schools, international diploma courses and student exchanges, so as to analyze the characteristics of Hong Kong's education internationalization and the challenges it faces. Copyright © 2020 香港教師中心.

Literature suggests that state–market relations in Asian transnational education appear as a hybrid of economic socialism and economic liberalism as well as of supra-territoriality and sovereignty. Such a notion of hybrid focuses on how Asian states manage the struggles over the meaning and value of higher education, thereby addressing various ways in which states participate in neoliberal globalisation. This paper argues that Asian states’ higher education policy choices are restricted by local politics and the resulting policy agendas. This argument explains the paradoxical situation that Malaysia continuously encounters when developing its regulatory regime to govern transnational education. The argument also illuminates the recalibrations that appeared in the transnational education policies of Singapore and Hong Kong. The paradox and recalibrations reveal how a political perspective on transnational education is important to understand Asian states’ responses to globalisation in higher education regardless of the nature of their regulatory regimes. Copyright © 2021 Society for Research into Higher Education.

Hong Kong is moving towards a knowledge-based economy. In order to nurture and motivate a population to continuously achieve world-class success, Hong Kong‟s education system has been reformed extensively since 1997, with a balanced focus on academic and practical learning. Generic forms of learning outcomes are critical to allow students to demonstrate high flexibility and adaptability in response to ever-changing challenges in the future. By using two well-validated instruments which measure students‟ achievement of generic learning outcomes and their engagement in schools, the cultural literacy and student engagement scales, this study aims to assess the development of generic learning outcomes of Hong Kong senior secondary school students, the extent to which students are well-equipped with the skills to succeed in a knowledge-based economy. The results of a survey study of 1,715 students inferred that their performances were not up to standard and questioned in particular the success of the New Senior Secondary (NSS) school curriculum. A regression model further suggested that these generic learning outcomes could largely be explained by how schools plan and facilitate students‟ learning inside and outside the classroom. It is argued that the primary role of NSS schools should focus to provide students with meaningful and useful learning experiences so as to achieve the curriculum goal of fostering their generic learning. This paper will contribute to the discussion of how to better support the NSS curriculum reform in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.

Purpose - Knowledge sharing, the most important process in knowledge management, enables knowledge-intensive organizations to foster innovations and to gain competitiveness. Universities, the best contemporary embodiments of knowledge-intensive organizations, nowadays face fiercer competition in the changing world. Knowledge sharing is the key for academic departments to gain competitive advantages through innovation. However, limited studies examined the relationships between top management support, knowledge sharing and affiliation and trust. Based on the literature review, this study developed a research model which aims to examine the relationship between top management support and knowledge sharing, and the mediating role played by affiliation and trust.Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire survey was conducted in eight universities in Hong Kong. Data gathered from 109 professoriate staff (including chairs, professors and [research] associate/assistant professors) were used to test the four hypotheses in the research model with partial least squares structural equation modeling.Findings - The results showed that top management support has a positive impact on affiliation and trust, and that affiliation and trust also have a positive impact on knowledge sharing. However, this study showed an insignificant linkage between top management support and knowledge sharing. Therefore, this study confirmed the mediating role played by affiliation and trust.Practical implications - Based on the results, this study provided recommendations on how academic management and knowledge management consultants increase the faculty members’ affiliation and trust, for instance, mentoring, performance appraisal system, social interactions and communication pathways.Originality/value - The findings of this study contribute to the literature in two ways. First, affiliation and trust are two interplayed elements of team climate that should be considered together. Second, this study

校長是一所學校的靈魂，掌握著學校領導和管理權，是學校教育成效高低的關鍵。國際上19世紀末以來的學校管理課程的發展深刻影響著香港中小學校長培訓。香港中小學校長的培訓分為三個階段：擬任校長、新入職校長和在職校長，其培訓課程管理由香港教育局提供理論架構。其培訓特點有：培訓模式靈活多變；社會多方共同培訓校長；甄選大學參與校長培訓；善用公共資源，分擔培訓費用。展望新時代的香港中小學校長培訓，應加強對在職校長的專業支持，強化校長工作考績與個人專業發展的聯系，鼓勵校長持續專業進修，持續加強對香港校長的國史及國民教育。 A principal is the heart and soul of a school. As the leader and manager of a school, a principal is also the key to the effectiveness of school education. The international development of school management courses since the end of the 19th century has a profound impact on the primary and secondary school principal training in Hong Kong. The principal training in Hong Kong is divided into three stages of training: proposed principal training, newly appointed principal training and in-service principal training. The theoretical framework of the training courses is provided by the Hong Kong Education Bureau. The characteristics of the training are as follows: the flexible training mode, training principals by the multi-party society, selecting universities to participate in the principal training, making good use of public resources and sharing training costs. Looking forward to the primary and secondary school principal training in Hong Kong in the new era, the professional support should be provided for in-service principals, the connection between the principal’s work performance and his professional development should be strengthened, principals should be encouraged to continue their professional training, and the national history education and national education should be strengthened for principals in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2020 北京教育學院.

This article conveys the results of a reflexive investigation of the managerial practices and entrepreneurial discourses that shape the academic trajectories of early career scholars. Beginning with the experiences of early career scholars in research‐intensive universities in Canada and Hong Kong, the authors explore some of the social and political‐economic relations that are reshaping higher education systems across the world. Drawing on experiences navigating university governance, funding and performance management processes, the authors explore how participation in the marketised relations of higher education inserts people into competition with colleagues within and beyond a single university context, instrumentalises and constrains relationships with civil sector collaborators, and produces a shared sense that nothing one does is ever enough. In this way, the article illuminates some of the ways a new global knowledge economy conditions academic life.本文探討學術管理主義和企業論述如何塑造新晉學者的學術軌跡, 並匯報相關反思性研究的結果。本文以任職加拿大和香港研究型大學的早期新晉學者為例, 開始探討一些正在重塑全球高等教育體系的社會和政治經濟關係。作者利用新晉學者如何探索大學治理、資金和績效管理流程的經驗, 從而了解高等教育界的市場化關係如何將競爭意識植入在大學界的同事之間、令到與公民社會的協作關係工具化、並產生一種感到工作慣常不達標的意識。通過上述的方法, 本文闡明了新型全球知識經濟影響學術生活的一些方式。 Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This chapter aims to examine the unique challenging policy environment confronting Hong Kong schools from the perspective of neoliberal discourse and to reveal the reactive, as well as strategic responses of school leaders and teachers in coping with these challenges. As we argue, driven by the global trend of striving for international competitiveness in education and economy, Hong Kong's schooling is no exception to other systems that manifest signs of neoliberal normalization. Based on a systematic and critical analysis of the history and socio-political context of Hong Kong's public schools, this chapter discusses the major challenges faced by these schools which are inflicted by neoliberal discourses of reform, namely school governance, privatization, budget cuts, and performativity. The results of our analysis show that Hong Kong has not followed suit the western trajectory of neoliberal development but has developed its own path in response to its unique historical, cultural, and economic context. Copyright © 2021 Taylor & Francis.

自2001年起，香港特別行政區政府推出一系列大型課程改革，至今已近二十年。現在正是適切時間檢討，以尋找未來的改革方向。校長和教師是重要的持份者，他們同時掌握具體的前線情況，因此了解他們對課程改革現狀及未來發展的看法非常重要。本研究採用聚焦訪談及問卷調查方法，收集了超過1,000名教師和校長的觀感及看法。研究發現，課程改革帶來了教學法、學校自評文化和觀課文化的改變，但未能全面達致改革的大部分目標。改革亦帶來了一系列問題，例如教師工作量增加和學習差異擴闊等。如要為將來尋找更好的發展方向和策略，教育當局必須進行更全面、更有系統及深入的研究，而本研究展示的數據和理據可作這全面檢討的起點。Copyright © 香港中文大學. 香港教育研究所.

In alignment with the New Academic Structure, the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE) was launched in 2012 to replace the former Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) as certification for completion of secondary education, and the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE) as the main credentials for university admission in Hong Kong. Standards-referenced reporting is adopted for the HKDSE with the objective of reporting candidates' results against a set of prescribed levels of achievement based on typical performances at those levels. Clearly defined standards facilitate learning and teaching as well as enable users of the qualification, including tertiary institutions and employers, to set appropriate entrance/job requirements. The standards are set and maintained by expert judgement supported by psychometric data to ensure fairness and consistency of standards across subjects and across cohorts. Systemic and implementation issues and their resolutions are discussed in the context of the education reform in Hong Kong. Copyright ©Routledge.