This chapter aims to construct a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing and analyzing the nature, scope, and issues of curriculum change and development so as to inform practice and policy-making. In the first part of the chapter, three important concepts, namely, globalization, localization, and individualization, are delineated and then operationalized for improving the relevancy and values of curriculum. The second part presents a new structure of curriculum effectiveness to conceptualize the complex, dynamic relationships among the various essential components of curriculum at the different stages of the teaching and learning processes. Further, some specific recommendations are proposed for studying, developing, and improving multi-level curriculum effectiveness. Finally, the chpater discusses and compares three approaches to developing teacher competence and conducting curriculum change. It is hoped that the comprehensive framework and related concepts are helpful to policy-making and curriculum change and development in Hong Kong and other parts of the world.
[Copyright © 2000 The Hong Kong Institute of Education.]

本文全面闡述了社會轉型期香港教育與課程改革所面臨的一系列重大問題。文章基於國際視野對當前香港課程改革的四個策略問題展開系統探討，這就是：提高教師與學生的“教育反思”水平；校本課程發展及專業文化發展的確立；課程改革與文化；歐洲后現代文化思潮的啟示。
[Copyright © 2001 華東師範大學出版社.]

課程改革為重要的教育環節。在普及教育制度下，這情況更為明顯。本文旨在說明香港進行的課程改革，實施情況並不理想，原因與課程決策有很大的關係。香港課程的決策雖已朝著開放的路走，但仍然可以改進。本文分為四部份：課程改革的需要、課程改革的概況、課程決策的特色及對課程決策的建議。首先，本文說明課程改革在香港非常重要。香港作為國際城市、處於中西文化的交匯地、面對急速轉變的經濟、遇上主權回歸等因素，使課程改革更為必要。本文從經濟、政治、社會、文化、教育等方面，說明課程改革的必要性。其次，本文說明香港雖然進行了不少的課程改革，但成效卻優劣互見。歸納所舉事例的特點，其優劣與誰是課程決策者有關。第三，說明香港教育的決策，與政府的政制如出一轍，亦為行政主導、諮詢及吸納精英並行。最後，本文嘗試為香港的課程決策提出四點建議：1. 改進課程決策的參與模式，應有更多的民主成分，有更多的參與者；2. 課程發展需要鼓勵學校為本的課程設計，避免單純應用統一課程設計的理念；3. 要重視課程的決策，重視課程專家在最高層架構的意見；4. 重視專業教師的參與，使他們成為課程改革的中心。作者強調：若欲課程實施更有成效，必須注意「誰決策」的問題。如何使學校、學者、教師參與課程決策的工作，是香港教育署將要面對的重要課題。
[Copyright © 2000 中華民國課程與教學學會.]

The paper is based on some emerging ideas about theorising curriculum leadership within a context of school-based management. The study is situated in a changing context of Hong Kong where two major reforms, school-based curriculum development and school-based management, have been on the school agenda for several years. The inclusion of parents, teachers and students for exploring innovative practices of school program, pedagogy, assessment and evaluation with reference to the Key Learning Areas is investigated. In the study, widening curriculum conversations with some major stakeholders of education is characterised by collaborative efforts of school reculturing and restructuring. The schools reculturing and restructuring themselves as productive and innovative places for curriculum change and school renewal are those which are committed to confronting their problems and taking those problems and issues on board; factors contributing to shape initiatives of school reculturing and restructuring are then identified and elaborated.

The use of resources always forms an integral part in the teaching, learning and assessment process in schools. Teachers are expected to select, adopt, adapt and create appropriate resource materials in order to achieve their learning targets, conduct task-based activities and devise assessment schemes to measure students' progress. In the implementation of the TOC initiative, the Hong Kong schools are offered greater autonomy and a more active role in support of the principles and essence of this curriculum change. However, the lack of creativity and flexibility in many teachers to develop and utilize resources in their teaching has hindered such innovations. The objectives of this research study are four-fold: To explore what resources are currently provided for TOC; to investigate how schools are utilizing them; to determine what gaps and deficiencies there seem to be; and to recommend how resourcing support might be improved to foster the TOC initiative in the near future. The type of resources indicated in this research study are limited to the scope of printed materials, AV materials, teaching packages, information technology, equipment and facilities, learning environment, time, space and manpower support. The research methodology and procedures used in this study involved the following: (1) a compiled list of TOC resources produced by the Education Department, other institutions and commercial publishers made available to all primary schools, (2) preliminary interviews to find out the areas of concern regarding resources support for TOC, (3) questionnaire survey sent to over 100 primary schools with approx. 1,800 TOC teachers and other school staff respondents, (4) in-depth interviews with a sample of school heads, teachers, panel heads, TOC coordinators, teacher educators from ED and tertiary institutions, ED officers in the TOC unit, curriculum developers and commercial publishers. After the analysis of data on resources was completed, two case studies of schools

This study is designed on the basis on the key premises of Activity Theory, in the development of curriculum leadership among a group of primary teachers in two innovation engaged schools in Hong Kong China in April 2005 and 2007. Three curriculum development teams were formed and their membership and leadership were manipulated to create internal tensions and contradictions among members in a flattened leadership context. The aim is to investigate the extent that teacher participation in curriculum decision making processes is mediated by the artifacts such as hierarchical power, roles and leadership styles. The findings based on the analysis of the interviews as well as the video taped meetings of the Mathematics and Chinese curriculum teams point to the varying mediation effects of the two artifacts, namely the roles of the consultants and the leadership styles upon teacher participation. On the effects of the roles of the consultants, two types of professionality were asserting different influences on the mediation processes. The restricted professionality focused on closed discourse between participants and the leadership style was power coercive. The extended professionality however, generated an open discourse with evidence of multi-structural interaction pattern. The nature of the former is didactic while the latter is more negotiable among members. On leadership styles, the personality of the subject head and its degree of domination was having effects on the discourse styles and participation nature, though the distributed leadership was in function in the curriculum development teams. Assertive subject head constrained the interaction pattern of the meetings while the less assertive one opened opportunities for exploration and experimentation by the members of the teams. In conclusion, various artifacts assert their influences in the mediational processes of the interaction among members of the curriculum teams and these mediational effects have either constrained