Based on a systematic review of flipped learning (FL) instructional principles and the technology acceptance model, this study examined the effects of instructional factors on students’ acceptance of and participation in FL activities in learning Chinese as the native language. The participants were 2684 primary and secondary school students in Hong Kong. Two questionnaires were used to measure students’ perceptions of FL instructional design and implementation in their Chinese language classes and their acceptance and participation in FL activities. Descriptive analysis indicated that students perceived a moderately high degree of consistency between the design and implementation of FL activities in their Chinese language classes and the various instructional principles of FL. Students’ perceptions about FL were positive and their intention to use this new approach to learn Chinese was high. Structural equation modelling showed that the quality of FL tasks significantly and positively affected students’ perceptions about the usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment of FL, which, in turn, indirectly influenced their intentional and actual use of FL. The findings provide insights for improving students’ acceptance of FL as a novel learning approach within traditional language learning in school. Copyright ©2024 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

This study investigated how the acceptance and use of self-regulatory strategies in online learning affected Hong Kong secondary school students' participation in online learning. A self-reported questionnaire was distributed to 1381 students from six secondary schools. Findings of the descriptive analysis indicated that students did not frequently use most types of online self-regulatory strategies. Although they agreed that the online learning methods were easy to use and facilitated learning, they did not actively participate in online learning activities and showed a low tendency to continuation. Further, structural equation modeling indicated that the effect of strategy use on actual participation was stronger than that of user acceptance. The former had a significant indirect effect on actual participation through the strong effect it had on user acceptance. Consequently, suggestions have been made for improving the instructional design of online learning and increasing students' willingness and readiness to participate in online learning. Copyright © 2023 Springer.

• Writing motives was assessed using Writing Motivation Questionnaire. • Writing self-efficacy was assessed using a revised Writing Self-efficacy Scale. • Measurement invariance was established across Shanghai and Hong Kong students. • Latent means comparison found differences between these two groups. • A direct-mediational model examined the relationship between these constructs. What motivates Chinese students to write? In the present investigation, we examined Chinese students' writing motives and writing self-efficacy. Grades 4 and 5 Chinese students in Shanghai (n = 332) and Hong Kong (n = 305) completed a survey questionnaire assessing motives for writing using the Writing Motivation Questionnaire and writing self-efficacy based on a revised Writing Self-efficacy Scale. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance was established by examining configural, metric, scalar and residual invariance. Latent means comparison located significant differences between the Chinese groups in relation to writing self-efficacy and writing motives derived from a focus on curiosity, competition and grades. Multigroup structural equation analyses verified a hypothesized direct-mediational model depicting the relationship between writing motives and writing self-efficacy. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier.

The study aimed to explore the effectiveness and both teachers' and students' acceptance of using three types of e-learning activities, namely online teaching videos, Internet resources, and digital games, to learn classical Chinese (CC) in the out-of-class context. Thirteen Chinese language teachers and 551 students from five secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The findings of pre- and post-test comparisons indicated that students used CC reading strategies more frequently, improved their self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation in CC reading, and participated in more self-learning activities after using the e-learning activities. User acceptance of e-learning activities was examined based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Findings of regression analysis and structural equation modeling generally support the hypothesized TAM, suggesting that students' perception of the e-learning activities would affect their intentional use, and, in turn, their actual use of the e-learning activities. Students' perceived playfulness and teacher encouragement of the e-learning activities were the most critical reasons for them to accept and participate in the activities. Implications of the findings are discussed to provide insights into the applicability of using e-learning as a new learning approach in a traditional school subject.本研究旨在探討在課外使用三類電子學習活動（包括網上教學短片、互聯網資源及網上遊戲平台）對促進學生學習文言文的成效以及教師和學生對於這些課外電子學習活動的接受程度。研究共有來自5所香港中學的13名教師及551名學生自願參與。比較學生填寫的前、後測問卷結果，學生採用了這些電子學習活動之後，增加了使用文言文的閱讀策略，提高了閱讀文言文的自我效能感和內在動機，以及較以往更經常參與了文言文的自學活動。本研究同時以科技接受模型為理論基礎探討使用者對這些文言文課外電子活動的接受程度，多元迴歸分析及結構方程模型的統計結果支持本研究的假設模型，證明學生對這些電子活動的觀感會影響他們的使用意願，再進而影響他們的實際使用量，在眾多因素之中，學生對電子活動的趣味觀感和教師鼓勵是影響他們接受和參與這些活動最關鍵的因素，本研究的結果對於在學習文言文這傳統學科採用電子學習這種新的學習模式的可行性有重要的啟示。 Copyright © 2021 世界華語文教育學會.

Based on the data of Program for International Student Assessment 2009, this paper examines how various aspects of home literacy environment, school climate and students' reading engagement related to their reading performance. A profile of Hong Kong students' three indices of reading engagement - namely, reading enjoyment, reading diversity and online reading - relative to other East Asian societies is first presented. The relative contributions of different family-level and classroom-level factors on Hong Kong students' reading engagement are then examined by using hierarchical linear modelling. Assessment of the relative impact of the three engagement indices on reading performance shows that reading enjoyment is the strongest predictor. That home-school cooperation in cultivating a positive reading climate, nurturing a good reading habit for all students and enhancing the classroom and teaching climate appear to be promising avenues for improving students' reading engagement and performance may be of importance for shaping future policy and practice.
[Copyright of Journal of Research in Reading is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]

This study investigated Hong Kong secondary students' Classical Chinese (CC) reading comprehension, reading motivation, and the effects of different types of motivation on CC reading. Four hundred forty-eight seniors from four secondary schools in Hong Kong voluntarily completed a CC reading comprehension test and a reading motivation questionnaire. Findings indicated that students' CC reading performance was unsatisfactory. They had poor self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation in CC reading and read CC texts mainly for extrinsic reasons. While high-achievers had better CC reading comprehension performance and higher extrinsic motivation than low-achievers, they had lower intrinsic motivation. Unlike many previous studies in which intrinsic motivation has been found to be the most optimal type of reading motivation, structural equation modeling indicated that only self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation were significant predictors of students' CC reading comprehension performance after controlling for achievement level. The relation between CC reading and different types of motivation is discussed in light of the special nature of CC and the learning context of Hong Kong.
[Copyright of Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal is the property of Springer Netherlands.]

The study examined current practices in Classical Chinese (CC) reading instruction in Hong Kong and the relationship between different instructional practices and students' strategy use and motivation in CC reading. A total of 519 secondary students voluntarily responded to a questionnaire that measured their perception of CC reading instruction, strategy use, and motivation. The findings indicate while teachers frequently teach both the language and content aspects of CC reading, the teacher-centered approach they are now adopting is ineffective in facilitating students' CC reading development. Relations between different instructional approaches and students' strategy use and motivation in CC reading are discussed.

This study investigated the relation between teachers' instructional practices and students' self-regulated learning (SRL) in Hong Kong Chinese language classes using quantitative and qualitative methods. Participants were 1121 Grade 10 students from six secondary schools in Hong Kong. A Chinese reading comprehension (RC) test was used to assess the students' reading performance and a self-reported questionnaire measured their perception of reading instruction, strategy use and reading motivation. Classroom observations and in-depth interviews were conducted in one class at each school to explore what and how instructional practices supported or impeded SRL in real contexts. The findings of this study generally support the positive relation between SRL-based instruction and Chinese students' SRL. Among the four instructional variables, instrumental support from teachers showed the strongest relation with students' strategy use, motivation and RC. The degree of autonomy was low in Chinese language classes and was associated with students' negative reading behaviours.
[Copyright of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.674634]

The purpose of the study is to construct and validate a Chinese self-regulated learning (SRL)-based reading instruction questionnaire (CSRIQ) and to examine the relationship between Chinese reading instruction and Hong Kong students' reading development from the SRL perspective. A total of 339 Grade 10 students completed the initial CSRIQ in Study 1. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analyses were used to assess the psychometric quality of the questionnaire, and the original CSRIQ subscales were then revised. Study 2 comprised 1,121 Grade 10 students. The factor structure of the revised CSRIQ was supported by the findings of confirmatory factor analysis. The findings of structural equation modelling indicated significant relations between SRL-based instruction and various reading-related variables. Among the four aspects of instruction, teacher support was the most positive factor facilitating Chinese students' reading development, whereas student autonomy seemed less favourable. Cultural and curricula factors affecting Chinese reading instruction in Hong Kong were discussed.
[Copyright of Educational Research & Evaluation is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2012.689730]