Hong Kong’s ‘trilingual and biliterate’ language policy (TaB, 三語兩文) is almost as old as the special administrative region (SAR) itself. Through free education and language support measures in school, students are expected to be conversant in English and Putonghua in addition to Cantonese, and be able to read and understand written Chinese and English. After being implemented for over two decades, however, there are signs that most students’ language standards in Chinese and English fall short of the TaB target, as measured by the public examination results of successive generations of secondary school leavers. Designed with essentially Cantonese-dominant Hongkongers in mind, the TaB policy consists of many measures, with the ‘medium of instruction streaming policy’ introduced since September 1998 being the most controversial. Driven by the twin principles of monolingual English-medium instruction (EMI) and ‘no language mixing allowed’, secondary schools are divided into two streams. Stringent requirements must be met before a school could claim to be an EMI school. According to this ‘late immersion’ model for students aged 11–12 at secondary level, every year about 30 percent of the primary school leavers are allocated to an EMI school. Following Li (Multilingual Hong Kong: languages, literacies and identities. Springer, Cham, 2017), this paper will first discuss why the TaB target is such a tall order for Cantonese-dominant students by reviewing the relevant literature along five inter-related dimensions: contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive neuroscience, and instructional strategies and bilingual pedagogies. I will then examine the SAR government’s language support measures to assess their effectiveness and explore possible alternatives. The paper will end with a number of recommendations, which together constitute an LPP (language policy and planning) roadmap for improving the chance with which the TaB policy is likely to produce

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness for L2 English learners of a new direct approach to segmental pronunciation instruction that combined articulatory instruction with abdominal enhancement techniques. The participants were Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong, where the school curriculum relies chiefly on indirect instruction within a task-based language teaching (TBLT) framework. Thus a second purpose of the study was to examine whether the direct approach may be a useful addition to the Hong Kong curriculum. Randomly-assigned experimental and comparison groups of recent school graduates completed pronunciation tasks embedded within a TBLT framework. However, the experimental group had direct attention drawn to the segmental sounds, including advice and feedback on how to produce them, while the comparison group did not. Both groups completed a pretest/posttest reading-aloud task. The segments targeted in this test (and in the instruction) involved selected long vowel/diphthong sounds, voiced fricative consonants, and /t/ and /d/ in syllable-final consonant clusters. Results showed the experimental group significantly outperformed the comparison group overall and in each of these segmental categories, highlighting the importance of the direct articulatory–abdominal instruction. The results also suggested such instruction should be given greater attention in the Hong Kong curriculum. Copyright © 2022 Routledge.

With the poverty rate of Hong Kong reaching 23.6%, the development and well-being of children from economically disadvantaged families becomes a concern for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Children with lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds tend to have poorer development in early language and literacy skills, which may then adversely affect their later academic achievement and school success. This development gap between low- and middle-SES children may begin in kindergarten and persist throughout their formal education and beyond. This may be particularly true for ethnic minority groups, which often have to deal with not only economic pressure but also other stressors, including prejudice, discrimination, and cultural adaption. Composed of mostly Southeast Asians, ethnic minority groups constitute about 8% of the Hong Kong population. Importantly, the number of ethnic minority children continues to rise, underscoring the importance of increasing teachers’ multicultural competence and promoting the cultural integration among students in school. In this talk, the speaker will provide an overview about the language and literacy development among children from low-SES and ethnic minority families. The speaker will also explain how we may support these children by promoting culturally responsive teaching in kindergartens, providing professional training for early childhood educators and multicultural teaching assistants, and developing culturally responsive education benchmarks. Copyright © 2022 PECERA-HK.

BACKGROUND: The potential of natural language processing tools such as chatbots in learning a second or foreign language has not yet been fully realised (Dale, 2016; Fryer et al., 2019). Language learning occurs through interaction with classmates and teachers, which provides comprehensible input, feedback on output and the opportunity to modify output (Mackey, 2012). Chatbots can serve as an always-on source of interaction. In this study, a chatbot was designed and deployed using Dialog flow Messenger. It acts as a conversational interface for English learners and is available on our website or as a mobile application (app). Language learning is most effective when it is immediate and contextual, so this chatbot not only ‘chats’ but also guides learners to appropriate language study resources. It puts students in control of their learning by answering specific questions (e.g., How do I refer to sources in written texts and oral presentations?, Where can I find IELTS materials?, What is the present perfect?); providing customised learning options; and allowing students to learn at their own level, pace, and at a time of their choosing. This study investigates English language students’ attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions towards using a customised chatbot to enhance language learning.METHODS: Participants consisted of students and teachers (n=4) from a compulsory English for Academic Purposes course at the largest public university in Hong Kong. In this study, the students (n=76) had access to the chatbot for two months. Data on attitudes, beliefs and perceptions regarding the chatbot were collected using a questionnaire and focus groups; transcripts were collected to identify questions put to the chatbot. This mix of methods was chosen to provide rich, detailed, and complex accounts of users’ experiences.RESULTS: Findings from the questionnaire and focus groups are consistent with previous research that reported positive learning experiences with chatbots (Fryer & Carpenter

BACKGROUND: This study introduces the English Language Centre’s Personal Learning Assistant, namely chatbot, an innovative language teaching and study tool for independent and effective language learning. This relatively new and under-researched area of study will, through the use of chatbots, open new and exciting teaching opportunities (Kessler, 2018). Chatbots necessitate communicative exchange, thus enhancing dialogue-based learning (Fryer et al., 2017; Thompson, Gallacher, & Howarth, 2018). In English language acquisition, teachers traditionally adopt a facilitator role. In contrast, chatbots, as conversational agents, provide students with a natural language interface. In many contexts, including English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL), technology has been developed to assist language learners. However, there is still a need to practice the language with an on-demand ‘conversational partner’ (Kim, 2017), and chatbots can address this requirement (Shawar, 2017; Wang & Petrina, 2013). This study investigates how students perceive the Personal Learning Assistant as a supplement to direct teacher input in language learning.METHODS: Participants consisted of students from a general English course at the largest public university in Hong Kong. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative approach, collecting two types of data in two phases. The first phase, a questionnaire (n=47), provided an overall picture of the research problem and informed the second phase of data collection, which comprised semi structured interviews (n=12) (Ivankova, Creswell, & Stick, 2006). Thematic analysis of the interviews allowed the researcher to interpret participants’ voices and gain a holistic understanding of their views.RESULTS: The questionnaires and semi-structured interviews revealed that participants preferred the chatbot to traditional study methods such as visiting a library or asking a teacher. They benefited from unlimited opportunities to

對以中文為第二語言或外語的學生而言，漢字無疑是學習中文的難點。怎樣才能加速學會大量漢字，從而提高學習中文的效率，相信是所有教師都共同關注的議題。通過考察中國兒童學習漢字的過程和方法，崔永華（2008）曾提出過“語文分開，先語後文”、“先認讀，後書寫”、“分層次教學”、“認多讀少”等對外漢字教學的主張。然而，限於不同教學條件，中文二語的漢字教學往往擺脫不了“教材為本，隨文識字”的路徑，同一課文裡出現識漢字和學中文互相牽制的情況──由於漢字難學，課文的篇幅不能過長，內容容易流於膚淺，學生無法學習更深刻、更嚴肅的題材。教與學雙方對每篇課文以致每冊教材的漢字教學缺乏系統科學的認識，更遑論根據所學的漢字，設計反復閱讀和應用的練習，處理好語言教學和漢字教學的關係，提高中文二語的學習效益。有鑑於此，本文以一套專為香港非華語學生設計的教材為基礎，通過全套教材的文本字詞統計、字詞分級、漢字與詞類關聯、漢字構詞位置等層面的分析，探索可以配合該教材的漢字學習系統，並為採用該教材的師生，建議一個與學習內容相關的漢字教學框架和程序。其中研發過程的經驗，相信對中文二語的漢字教材設計也有一點參考價值。 Copyright © 2019 第九屆漢字與漢字教育國際研討會.

Although the potential of translanguaging within ESL/EFL classroom contexts to promote students' linguistic learning has been well-documented, most studies have focused on ESL/EFL teachers (whose L1 is not English) and their students' ideologies and experiences, with little attention paid to the experiences and perspectives of native English teachers (NETs) working in the Global South and postcolonial areas. This study examined 11 native English teachers' engagement with translanguaging in Hong Kong TESOL classrooms. Data were gathered through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews and video recordings of classroom interactions. A recursive qualitative analysis elicited a taxonomy of NET teachers' engagement with translanguaging, comprising resistant, ambivalent, and reductionistic approaches. The findings also demonstrate that ambivalent engagement with translanguaging turned out to be adopted the most among the NET participants. The findings call for examining two new translanguaging forms through NET teachers who have worked under a linguistically policed discourse, i.e., the underground and disguised translanguaging, and multimodal translanguaging without involving students' L1. The findings indicate that multimodality can be used as a bridge to create a translanguaging space, and that creating a translanguaging space through multimodality appears to be more politically neutral for NET teachers. Copyright © 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

Based on Fredrickson’s (2001) broaden-and-build theory, this study investigates how Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE; consisting of teacher appreciation, personal enjoyment, and social enjoyment) mediates the relationship between Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) and EFL secondary students’ willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC) inside and outside the classroom. We collected survey data from 308 EFL Hong Kong secondary students who lacked any international experience (ages 12–18). After controlling for demographic data, the results show that teacher appreciation, personal enjoyment, and social enjoyment all mediate the relationship between IDLE and L2 WTC inside the classroom, while personal and social enjoyment mediate the link outside the classroom. A closer look reveals that personal enjoyment, rather than social enjoyment or teacher appreciation, plays a larger role in mediating the relationship. Practically, these findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms by which IDLE and different aspects of FLE can potentially improve the L2 WTC of Asian EFL learners who primarily learn and practice English in the classroom. These findings have implications for future interventions aimed at enhancing L2 WTC by increasing L2 enjoyment in EFL learners. Copyright © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

參照 Cummins 的語言相互依存假說（The Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis）和閾限假說（The Thresholds Hypothesis），本文以香港一所標榜中英雙語教育的國際學校為案例，旨在探索港式中英雙語教育成效。通過運用（1）多元線性迴歸分析法（Multiple Regression Analysis）全面檢驗 251 位小學一至六年級學生中英雙語語文能力與超學科認知能力表現之相關性，評鑑 Cummins 的假說對解說港式中英雙語教育成效的適用程度；（2）ANOVA 變異數分析法（Analysis of Variance）探析 30 位小學一至六年級學生的中英雙語能力表現與其對中英雙語的態度及家長對中英雙語教育的態度之相關性，推論影響接受中英雙語教育學童語文能力不平衡發展的因素；（3）內容分析法（Content Analysis ）分析案例學校 10 位中英班主任和 3 位校長訪談內容、校本中英雙語課程大綱等，探討校本中英雙語教學模式與學生雙語能力發展的關係。研究發現：（1）Cummins的假說某程度能解說港式中英雙語教育成效，跨語實踐（Translanguaging）學理進一步完善和補充其假說；（2）在相同的校本中英雙語教育條件下，學生學習中英雙語的動機和對外語學習的焦慮程度、家長對孩子的期望值和對孩子學習的投入度、家庭社經地位、家庭用語偏向、不同持分者對雙語教育信念一致性、差異化教學的實施、社會語言生態環境等因素影響學童中英語文能力發展；（3）校本中英雙語教學模式有利於學生發展多重、整合的雙語實踐能力，具獨特的參考價值和發展意義。Based on Cummins's Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis and Thresholds Hypothesis, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Chinese-English bilingual education in a bilingual international school in Hong Kong by using :（1） Multiple Regression Analysis to examine the correlation between Chinese and English bilingual proficiency and transdisciplinary cognitive ability of 251 primary Year 1 to Year 6 students, in order to evaluate the applicability of Cummins’s hypothesizes for explaining the effectiveness of Chinese-English bilingual education in Hong Kong; （2） Analysis of Variance to analyze the correlation between Chinese and English bilingual proficiency of 30 primary Year 1 to Year 6 students, their attitudes towards Chinese-English bilingualism and their parents' attitudes towards Chinese-English bilingual education, in order to infer the factors that affected the unbalanced development of Chinese and English proficiency of children who are receiving Chinese-English bilingual education; （3） Content Analysis to analyze the interview scripts of 10 bilingual class teachers and 3 principals, the school-based bilingual curriculum, etc. to explore the relationship between the school-based Chinese-English bilingual education model and the development of student's bilingual