For the past two decades, a significant number of ethnic minority students from diverse racial, cultural, linguistic, and religious backgrounds have entered Chinese language classrooms in Hong Kong for the first time. Simultaneously, Chinese language teachers have come under criticism for their lack of understanding of diversity and their failure to integrate ethnic minority students academically and socially. However, there is little research on how these teachers can transform their educational beliefs, teaching techniques, and attitudes toward diversity and inclusion to respond effectively to the drastic changes taking place in their professional work. This study examines how a group of Chinese language teachers employed translanguaging as a social justice strategy to address the challenges of teaching minority students in a monolingual and assimilative educational setting in Hong Kong. Classroom observations show that teachers enacted a translanguaging stance, using students' familiar semiotic resources to make their teaching more inclusive and equitable for ethnic minority students from low socioeconomic and religious backgrounds. Teachers reported becoming more aware of diversity in the classroom as well as of the social inequalities and racial discrimination outside of school. The study shows that criticism has been unfairly levied on Chinese language teachers in Hong Kong, who should not be held responsible for the social problems hindering ethnic minorities' social mobility. Research should include a decolonial perspective to legitimize translanguaging as a social justice strategy for more transformative praxis in the education sector in postcolonial Hong Kong. Copyright © 2022 Springer.

This study aims at identifying effective metacognitive teaching strategies (MTSs) in the Chinese Language that can enhance students’ reading comprehension abilities. Learning to learn is the common theme of education reform in Shanghai and Hong Kong since the 21st century. It implies that schools have to train students to become self-regulated learners since the new millennium. However, empirical literature using classroom observation to identify MTSs in a natural environment is scant. Such an approach of study can provide useful results to support student reading abilities within the Chinese-speaking regions. Therefore, this study attempts to fill the research gap. There are three research questions of this study:Q1 What metacognitive teaching strategies are used by the Shanghai and Hong Kong teachers to develop students’ reading comprehension skills in the Chinese Language?Q2 Are the metacognitive teaching strategies used by the teachers of the two regions suggest any similarities and/or differences?Q3 What are the factors that may contribute to teachers’ use of metacognitive teaching strategies?A cross-case analysis was employed in this study to identify teachers’ strategies and the factors that influence teachers’ instruction. The study compared the case studies of Shanghai and Hong Kong teachers’ classroom teaching and explored teachers’ metacognitive teaching factors. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Two schools from Shanghai and two from Hong Kong took part in the research. In each school, two teachers and about 70 students from two separate classes participated. Data were collected in multiple methods of inquiry, including questionnaires, lesson observation, and open-ended interviews. Classroom observations and interviews were conducted to identify MTSs for teaching the Chinese language. Questionnaires and interviews were used to explore the influencing factors of teachers’ use of instructional strategies. This research adopted NVivo to code

Integrated writing skills that emphasize integrated use of language skills and multiple source materials have attracted increasing attention in language education globally and locally in Hong Kong. This study examines teachers’ conceptions of integrated writing skills and interviewed twenty-five Chinese language teachers. Three conceptions emerged from the data, representing writing as a composite of disconnected parts (Category1), a logical inquiry (Category 2), and a developmental process (Category 3). As the categories move up, the alignment between teachers’ conceptions and the curriculum objectives increases accordingly, with the purpose of writing instruction ranging from fulfilling examination requirements, enhancing reasoning skills, to developing integrated use of language skills. The findings also reveal that although the development of integrated writing skills has been a critical component of the Chinese language curriculum since the first public examination in 2007, teachers’ receptivity toward it still varied greatly. Insufficient professional training, the legitimacy of integrated writing as a curriculum component, and the fossilization of the public examination were the factors that accounted for the differing attitudes among the teachers. The discourse of integrated writing in the Hong Kong context has been centered around high-stakes testing. The unbalanced discourse resulted in an oversimplified view that conflated the teaching and learning of integrated writing with integrated writing assessment. The study contributes to the conversation between integrated writing curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Implications for teacher professional development are discussed. Copyright ©Springer Netherlands.

The present study investigated the co-occurrence of word reading and spelling difficulties for Chinese first language (L1) and English second language (L2) and the role of morphological awareness in word reading and spelling ability across two languages. A total of 110 Hong Kong Chinese-speaking students in Grade 7, including 55 adolescents with dyslexia (28 males, mean age = 152.11 months) and 55 typically developing adolescents (27 males, mean age = 151.85 months) participated. They were assessed on the cognitive-linguistic measures of morphological awareness, phonological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, rapid naming, word reading, and word spelling in L1 and L2. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that compared with the typical students, adolescents with dyslexia had poorer performance in all L1 and L2 measures except the phonological awareness in Chinese. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that for both groups of students, morphological awareness contributed uniquely to word reading and spelling in L1 and L2; rapid letter naming contributed uniquely to English word spelling. Findings highlight the importance of co-occurring difficulties in L1 and L2 reading and spelling and that morphological awareness may play a critical role in predicting word reading and spelling across languages for Chinese adolescents with dyslexia and those without difficulty. Copyright © Sage Publications Ltd.

一、研究背景 香港課程發展議會在2001年6月發表《學會學習──課程發展路向》，指出「只要符合中央課程架構的要求，學校可有彈性制定校本課程，以切合學生需要」(ii頁)。枚本課程是課程發展議會訂定的基本方向。但這只是一個發展的方向和原則，並沒有具體的操作方法。課程發展議會後來編了《學校課程發展示例》(2001年6月)，在「如何組織校本中國語文課程 (中一至中三)」中提供操作的要點 (5頁)，更建構了「中一至中三級課程單元組織不例」(6頁)，但這些示例有很多不足。因此，我們有必要合理、有序地建構校本語文課程的方法。 香港教育學院為配合課改的發展，開設「校本語文課程與教材發展」一科，以培養教師能因應實際的情況，規劃學校為本的語文科課程，本文為有關課程提供教學參考。 二、研究目的 本文主要落實教改與課改的路向，為教師規劃校本語文課程提供參考。同時，補充課程發展議會編《學校課程發展示例》(2001年6月)「中一至中三級課程單元組織示例」的不足，讓教師掌握建構校本語文課程的方法，自行設計多樣化的校本語文課程；或讓教師有能力「用」市面上的七套教材，而不再是「教」這些教材。有建構校本課程中，可以提升教師專業技能；培養教師的團隊精神；減低中央課程與學校課程的差距。 三、研究方法 根據斯基爾背克 (Skilbeck) 校本課程的理性互動模式 (rational interactive mode) 發展步驟，包括分析情境，準備目標，建構方案，解釋與實施，追蹤與重建。建構校本語文課程的組織方法焦點是放在準備目標及建構方案上。 四、理論依據 本文運用系統論、認知心理、學科論、能力結構論和課程論等觀點，科學地建構校本語文課程的方法。 五、校本語文課程的組織初探 校本課程也稱 “學校本位課程” 或 “學校自編課程”。一般來說，校本課程指聿學生所在學校的教師自行編制、實施和評價的課程。某一類學校或某一級學校的個別教師、部分教師或全部教師，根據國家制家的教育目的、目標，在分析本校外部和內部環境的基礎上，針對本校、本年級或本班級特定的學生群體，編制、實施和評價的課程。校本課程編制的依據是學生個別差異理論。校本課程，近年來在中國大陸、香港特區、臺灣地區，都引起了高度的重視。 香港大部分學校均採用課程發展議會建議的課程，教育署也鼓勵教師根據學校本身的情況和條件，將中央課程適當裁剪成校本課程。各學校教師可配合課程發展議會所編寫的課程綱要或指引，按學生的不同需要、能力及興趣，設計某些課程。 根據斯基爾背克 (Skilbeck) 校本課程的理性互動模式 (rational interactive mode) 發展步驟，本文的焦點主要放在準備目標及建構方案上。在「準備目標」方面，準備的程序包括：1. 認知心理，2. 學科論，3. 語文能力結構。在「建構方案」方面，建構的程序包括：1. 建構校本語文課程編選體系的指導思想，2. 制定能力訓練單元，3. 設計不同能力訓練型的編選體系，4. 課程理論。最後建構「讀寫結合，帶動聽說」的初中語文課程編選體系架構示例和設計單元教學、進度及課堂結構的示例。

香港的中文教學近年進行重大改革，從理念到課程，從教材到教學，都力求突破常規，回應新時代對語文素養的新要求。其中要求同時改變教學語言的呼聲，更是越叫越響。由於歷史因素，香港的中文教學一直以粵語為教學媒介，其優點在於通過母語學習，可以提高效率，但由此造成口語與書面語的落差，一直對傳統以寫作作為評估學習成果的中文教學，造成困擾。 隨著97回歸，教學誘因得到政治誘因的助力，「用普通話教學 (中文)」(Putonghua as a Medium of Instruction，下文簡稱PMI) 成了不少學校一個吸引的選項。然而，語言作為重要的教學媒介，任何改變勢將引起極大疑慮，不能輕率行事。前幾年，香港一些大學受政府委托，就相關課題進行大型研究，為一些細緻的教學策略和操作，尤其教師教學語言與學習成效的關係，都探討不多，也就不容易把種種建議落實到具體的教學裡去。因此，微觀的PMI課堂分析，對於整個「用普通話教中文」研究，顯然是不可缺少的延續和補充。 作者去年與幾位同行開展了一項相關研究，以五位經驗不同和表現各異的小學語文教師為對象 (其中兩位教師表現優異，被評為可作範式研究)，考察「用普通話教中文」的實際操作，並進行全面和細緻的分析，期望從中把各種成功要素歸納出來。研究既以課堂教學為核心，除重視觀課評量外，還通過與教師和學生訪談，結合學生的學習表現，作為論斷PMI教學效能種種具說服力的根據。 本文是整個研究的其中一環，將針對教師的語言表現，探討它與教學效能的聯繫。研究發現，成功的PMI教學，教師的語言表現呈現強烈的一致性，同時由此引起學生的學習行為反應 (包括情意和語言反應)，也異常相似。概括而言，優秀的PMI教師，都同時具備照顧者 (caretaker) 和教者 (teacher) 的語言特徵，並成功吸引學生在聆聽和回應教師話語時，高度集中，積極扮演學習者 (learner) 和運用者 (user) 的角色。 論文題目的「兩點思考」，指的就是這教師和學生的兩個思考角度。通過考察教師的語言表現和學生的學習回應，結合細緻的話語分析和相關教學策略的探討，期望為「高效的教學語言」找出具體涵義。由此而言，也為香港中文教學進行教學語言改革，思考如何重新啟動一種有效的教學互動時，提供一系列更具操作性的答案。