For over a decade, STEM education has been developed as an integrative curriculum for promoting students' performance in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. However, its development in Hong Kong is still at an early stage, and more studies are necessary to explore the impact of STEM education on local students. In addition, gender stereotyping is a long-standing issue that needs to be addressed in information communications technology (ICT) education. Through surveys used to evaluate a local ICT training workshop in Hong Kong with 411 female students in junior secondary school, this study provides empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of a STEM education program for promoting student development and alleviating gender stereotyping in ICT. The results showed that an inquiry-based model of learning, which focuses on students' problem-solving skills and analytical ability, significantly enhanced ICT self-efficacy and reduced perceived difficulties in using ICT. Moreover, ICT-related gender stereotyping was associated with both ICT self-efficacy and perceived difficulties in using ICT, indicating that gender stereotyping in ICT can be reduced by granting more ICT learning opportunities to female students. Although the perceived value of studying ICT did not show a statistically significant improvement as a result of the ICT workshop, perceived value played a critical role in moderating the effect of ICT self-efficacy on ICT-related gender stereotyping and mediated the relationship between perceived difficulties in using ICT and ICT-related gender stereotyping. It is recommended that more emphasis should be placed on promoting perceived values in future ICT programs. Copyright ©2021 Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd.

Purpose:Amid rapid technological development in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this article engages with an important question, especially in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: Can technology itself transform teaching and learning? Design/Approach/Methods:Constructionist learning responds to the current "maker movement," which draws upon the innate human desire to make things with our hands. Two important elements of constructionist learning-technology literacy and engineering design-have implications for meeting the global need for expertise in the STEM disciplines. To date, the practice of teaching and learning mathematics remains to be dominated by manipulation of symbols with the paper-and-pencil medium. In response, this article discusses how constructionist learning can play an important role in teaching and learning school mathematics via a transdisciplinary approach for STEM education.Findings:Two examples of the authors' empirical research on constructionist learning in school mathematics classrooms with 3D printing are illustrated. Findings suggest that the 3D Printing Pens played an active role in the construction of artifact (physically) and mathematical meaning (cognitively).Originality/Value:The empirical results as discussed in this article warrant more design-based classroom interventions to further investigate students' constructionist learning in technological, hands-on, and innovation-oriented environments. Copyright ©2021 SAGE Publications.

In this paper, we explore the challenges experienced by a group of Primary 5 to 6 (age 12-14) students as they engaged in a series of problem-solving tasks through block-based programming. The challenges were analysed according to a taxonomy focusing on the presence of computational thinking (CT) elements in mathematics contexts: preparing problems, programming, create computational abstractions, as well as troubleshooting and debugging. Our results suggested that the challenges experienced by students were compounded by both having to learn the CT-based environment as well as to apply mathematical concepts and problem solving in that environment. Possible explanations for the observed challenges stemming from differences between CT and mathematical thinking are discussed in detail, along with suggestions towards improving the effectiveness of integrating CT into mathematics learning. This study provides evidence-based directions towards enriching mathematics education with computation. Copyright ©2021 SAGE Publications.

STEM education is an important approach for preparing students for a competitive workforce with essential skills in the 21st century. However, successfully implementing STEM education in primary and secondary schools presents a variety of challenges. The study suggests that a neglected challenge in the literature is how to sustain teachers’ positive emotions toward STEM educational work, which may cause teachers to be more engaged in, motived by, and committed to STEM education. Therefore, the study aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the mechanism of the construction and suitability of teachers’ emotions toward STEM educational work based on a single case study conducted in Hong Kong from the social constructionist perspective. The major findings of the study indicate that (1) positive emotions toward STEM educational work may be constructed by the teacher’s positive interpretation of the work, i.e., STEM educational work as the facilitator of students’ overall development and that (2) positive emotions toward STEM educational work may be sustained by enabling school institutions to have the elements of shared power, administrative support, and the value of a whole-person education. Copyright © 2021 MDPI AG

Recent studies on English-Medium-Instruction (EMI) classroom interaction have begun to look at the role of translanguaging as a pedagogical practice in supporting participants to exploit multilingual and multimodal resources to facilitate content teaching and learning. The present study contributes to this growing body of literature by focusing on playful talk in multiple languages and modalities in EMI mathematics classrooms in a secondary school in Hong Kong. Based on the data collected from a linguistic ethnography, we analyze how the teacher constructs playful talk in order to achieve various pedagogical goals including building rapport, facilitating content explanation and promoting meaningful communication with students. The analysis demonstrates that translanguaging appears to be a critical resource and that several social factors, including the teacher's personal belief, history, sociocultural, and pedagogical knowledge, play a role in constructing playful talk. The playful talk transforms the classroom into a translanguaging space, which in turn allows the teacher and students to perform a range of creative acts and experiment with a variety of voices to facilitate the meaning making and knowledge construction processes. Copyright © 2021 Oxford University Press.

Recent studies on classroom discourse have challenged the traditional classroom role set and emphasised equal contributions from the participants and the emergence of knowledge through active participation. Co-learning emphasises the process in which teachers and students attempt to adapt to one another's behaviour and learn from each other in order to produce desirable learning outcomes. Current research has paid little attention to the ways in which content teachers and students jointly negotiate new knowledge in bi/multilingual classrooms. Based on data collected from a linguistic ethnography in Hong Kong English-Medium-Instruction secondary mathematics classrooms, this paper uses translanguaging as an analytical perspective to analyse how the EMI teacher and students co-learn in the classroom. The data are analysed using Multimodal Conversation Analysis and triangulated with the video-stimulated-recall-interviews which are analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The paper argues that translanguaging creates a safe space for co-learning that emphasises equity in knowledge construction and challenges the hierarchical relationship between the teacher and the learner. Copyright © 2021 Routledge.

A curriculum that integrates Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (called STEM education) has been implemented in K-12 schools in the United States for several years. The purpose of this article is to explore the further integration of issues-based art education into STEM education (hereafter-called issues-based STEAM education) to expand the benefits of STEM education for school children. Adopting issues-based art education into STEM education provides students with a more authentic learning experience because its interdisciplinary pedagogy emphasizes inquiry-based, real-world learning, and critical thinking. In this article, we discuss the recent educational movement from STEM to STEAM, followed by an introduction to issues-based STEAM education. We then provide a relevant lesson implemented in a Hong Kong high school to shed light on the significance of issues-based STEAM education and as rationale for the importance of issues-based STEAM education that engages art students by exploring social issues. Copyright © 2021 Penn State Libraries Open Publishing.

This study examines how teachers' discourse moves influence patterns of authority in the mathematics classroom. We identify changes in authority structure in one classroom taught by a primary mathematics teacher in Hong Kong. This teacher participant was one of 32 who participated in a larger teacher-intervention study that aimed to help teachers orchestrate dialogic classroom discourse for rich learning opportunities in mathematics. Previous research has investigated teachers' discourse behaviors and authority structures in mathematics classrooms, but the connection between the two has yet to be addressed in extant studies. Our analysis shows that certain features and patterns embedded in classroom discourse can constrain or enable certain kinds of authority in the classroom. This study contributes to understanding the ways in which dialogic discourse may influence how authority is structured, including how mathematics teaching and learning are enacted through authority styles, and how the discipline of mathematics is positioned from an authority perspective. Copyright © 2021 Springer.

This paper documents the process and outcome of the development and validation of a coding scheme to analyse mathematics classroom discourse in the context of Hong Kong primary schools. The objective of this coding scheme was to systematically analyse teacher discourse behaviours before and after an intervention programme; the programme aimed to assist in-service teachers to develop conceptual and practical tools for engaging students in dialogical discourse in mathematics classrooms. This paper provides a detailed outline of what took place in designing and refining the coding scheme as well as improving its validity and reliability. The developed coding scheme can be effective for highlighting dialogic discourse, authority structures and student participation in mathematics classrooms and beyond. Consequently, it was possible to assess the efficacy of the teacher intervention programme. On the other hand, the developed coding scheme could be used to help teachers to gain a sense of efficacy over their instruction by giving them a roadmap for what they can do before and during instruction. Copyright © 2021 Routledge.

Given the relationship between teacher beliefs and practices, it is critical to understand how pre-service teachers' past school experiences impact on their beliefs about teaching. There is a growing recognition of the influence of preservice teachers' prior mathematical experiences on their beliefs regarding mathematics instruction in the primary school classroom. This qualitative study aimed to investigate Hong Kong primary pre-service teachers' past experiences in learning mathematics and their beliefs about the teaching of mathematics. Nineteen primary pre-service teachers who had selected mathematics as their major in a teacher training program participated in the study. Each participant was required to complete three beliefs tasks in the individual interview in order to recall the teaching of their best mathematics teachers, articulate their memories of learning mathematics, and uncover the kind of primary mathematics teacher they planned to be. The results provided a valuable insight into the effects of pre-service teachers' prior mathematics class incidents on their espoused pedagogical beliefs. While both positive and negative learning experiences of mathematics had a positive impact on interviewees' beliefs about mathematics teaching, most demonstrated their willingness to learn from the past and realised the need to establish better learning environments for their future primary school students. Copyright © 2021 International Journal of Instruction.