In Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) classrooms where students' L2 proficiency has not reached the threshold level, teachers have been observed to use L1 to assist students in grasping specific technical terms and abstract concepts. It is argued to be a 'realistic' approach to the learning problems caused by students' limited L2 proficiency, particularly in English-as-a-foreign-language contexts. Nonetheless, researchers have also warranted 'judicious' and 'principled' use of L1 so that both content and language learning are facilitated. The question thus remains is whether teachers can use L1 appropriately to suit their students' needs. This study seeks to address this question. It includes data from 30 Grade 10 lessons in Hong Kong CLIL classrooms, where students' L2 proficiency varied considerably. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study shows that when teaching students with limited L2 proficiency, teachers used a significant proportion of L1 in lessons to explain the subject content, interact with students and develop students' L2 metalinguistic awareness. In contrast, with students highly proficient in L2, teachers used little L1, mainly to provide translation equivalents for L2 subject-specific vocabulary items. This study thus shows that teachers seemed to be sensitive when making use of students' existing linguistic repertoires.
[Copyright of International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2014.988112]

In this paper, an excerpt of teacher–student interaction in an EFL junior secondary science classroom in Hong Kong is analysed using the conversation analytic method of sequential analysis. The fine-grained analysis reveals that in the teacher's effort to engage her students in the co-construction of a scientific proof, the students' familiar everyday discourses (e.g. students' examples and experiences as expressed in their familiar language) need to be allowed to play a significant role. It also shows how translanguaging can be well-coordinated with multimodal practices (using blackboard drawings, gestures) to facilitate students' meaning-making in the inquiry-based teacher–student dialogue.
[Copyright of International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2014.988113]

In view of globalization, this paper takes a critical look at the learning and teaching of second language(s) in two Asian cities, i.e. Singapore and Hong Kong. It discusses the challenges faced by teachers and parents in helping children to learn second languages well as well as comparing the differences and similarities in parental and societal expectations, and the functional roles of second languages in the two societies.

This paper reports on a pilot study research conducted at the Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd) with student teachers and their teaching practice supervisors. Difference between supervisory discourse of native speaking (Cantonese) and non-native speaking (English) supervisors are explained using a Student Mediation Model to explore how Cantonese students learn from their English speaking supervisors. The research focuses on the nature and quality of student-supervisor discourse to determine whether what is perceived is what is intended. The results may be a model of staff development. Theories of Communication, Semiotics and Symbolic Interaction, as well as interpersonal and intercultural theories are also applied to the model. A survey of HKIEd students in spring 1996 revealed their need to be briefed on the communication style impact of non-native speaking supervisors. If there is misunderstanding between student expectations and supervisory behaviour a need for staff development for supervisors would be indicated. Staff development research indicates that successful implementation calls for staff development for the supervisors. Early analysis of the data has begun to reveal that there is indeed a difference and dissonance in what the students receive related to what the supervisors are sending. Continuing analysis will occur over this summer with a full report for the conference.

Empirical Research Background: Krashen (1982) holds that affective factors are important for success in acquiring a foreign/second language. This paper attempts to operationalize the affective factors using comfort levels of English language learners. A Rasch calibrated scale properly designed targeting comfort levels in using the English language to exemplify a straightforward and efficient way to tap the affective factors in language acquisition. Empirical Research Aims: The study aims to establish a measure of comfort in using English as an index of the affective filter in learning English. The hypothesis is that levels of comfort in using the English do indicate level of ability in English. Empirical Research Sample: The sample consists of 15000 plus individuals from 7 regions in the Asia region: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. The sample was randomly selected by commercial internet sampling firms in the regions. Empirical Research Method: A questionnaire targeting 3 areas of English language use was designed. The areas are contact with native speakers of English, using English media and reading English publications. 9 items were developed with categories of each item containing descriptions of different levels of comfort in using the English language. The questionnaire was administered via the internet in the 7 regions. Empirical Research RASCH: The returns were calibrated using the Rasch model. The locations of the item categories provide the basis for profiling three of comfort. Empirical Research Results: The levels of comfort in using the English are found to be significantly correlated with self-assessed English language ability included in the questionnaire. Empirical Research Conclusions: Calibration of item categories, if meaningfully described, can provide more detailed information on a survey instrument than the common used Lickert type scale with levels articulated in relative terms of more or less in some fashion

Hong Kong provides an excellent case study of language policy in a multilingual world. Cantonese is the medium of instruction for all government primary schools, where English and Putonghua are taught as subjects. The majority of HK's secondary schools are also Chinese (Cantonese) medium, but about a quarter are English medium. This policy has not been popular with parents and the government has now bowed to parental pressure for more access to English and announced a ‘fine-tuning' of the current policy, to take effect from the school year 2010-2011. This new policy will allow secondary schools to teach more subjects through English, as long as certain criteria concerning student and teacher capabilities and resources are met. After a brief historical review of Hong Kong's language policy, the paper will report on an empirical study into the practical and pedagogical consequences of the new fine-tuning policy. The study surveyed 127 secondary schools to identify what changes in practice were planned. The hypothesis was that schools would be primarily influenced by parental demand and that therefore the overwhelming majority of them would plan to use the maximum allowance given by fine-tuning to increase their teaching through English as a subject and as a medium of instruction. In reporting the findings, the paper will show whether these predictions were in fact met, and the effects it could have on schools, teachers and students.

MOI for sure affects the effectiveness of teaching, schooling and even language landscape of society. Under certain language policies or social language environments, selection of MOI is a metaphor of politics and resources. HK is a special place with a history of British colony over 150 years. After return of sovereignty to China in 1997, language landscape of HK does not change a lot. According to government statistical figures, Cantonese which HK people consider as their mother tongue is still a dominant language in daily life and local context (96.5% Proportion of the population able to speak Cantonese in 2006). This article is going to study how Putonghua becomes a core subject and Mol of Chinese Language subject in primary and secondary school curriculums from perspectives of policy making and responses of stake holders. According to scholars' research, by 2011, 46% of schools will adopt Putonghua as Mol for Chinese Language subject. Is enhancing Chinese standard of students the sole rationale behind this move? Can Putonghua, L2 or L3 of many Hong Kong students, enhance L1 Chinese standard of Cantonese speaking students? This is an interesting research question as Singapore is investigating how to use English, official L1 in Singapore, as Mol to teaching Chinese. As Putonghua has not developed from L2 or L3 to L1 in Hong Kong, is teaching Chinese Language subject in PMI a correct move right now? The findings of the paper can help us address the nature of L1 learning in multilingual and cultural societies such as Hong Kong and Singapore.

Scaffolding in education refers to the strategies of support which facilitates student development and aims at assisting them to learn effectively. When students are able to learn independently, the scaffolding can be withdrawn. This paper aims at analyzing how effective scaffolding is to the non-Chinese specking students in learning Chinese through video-recording of actual classroom teaching of three periods in a Hong Kong primary school. Research methods include observing classroom teaching and analyzing video-recording-turned scripts. The research finds out that teachers and students can communicate through the target language (Cantonese) without the need for translating. This implies it is feasible to apply immersion method in the teaching Chinese as the second language. The research also finds out that teachers applied eight scaffolding strategies in helping students to learn Chinese, namely: 1. recall scaffolding; 2. language scaffolding, including dialogue scaffolding, sentence pattern scaffolding and dominant language scaffolding; 3. predictable book scaffolding; 4. concept scaffolding; 5. “directed reading-thinking activity” structure scaffolding; 6. peer scaffolding; 7. demonstration scaffolding; 8. multi-media scaffolding. Most of the scaffolding strategies are effective in helping students to learn Chinese. However, a few of them are not running effectively and need to be improved.