This study examines the use of immersive techniques, intrinsic motivation, and instructional approaches to advance science literacy (SL) awareness in STEM education. SL awareness in higher education is defined as the capability to understand, apply, and evaluate fundamental scientific concepts and practices for informed decision-making. We investigated the impact of an immersive design framework on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and SL awareness among sixty-nine Hong Kong STEM students. Following two instructional sessions, participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, which was quantitatively and thematically analysed. Quantitative results revealed that interest significantly improves SL awareness, while relatedness does not. Thematic analysis identified two main themes—motivational layer and cognitive awareness—and further outlined six sub-themes: interest, positive emotion, relatedness, mental representation, cognitive resources, and metacognition, clarifying their roles in enhancing learning. This study confirms that an immersive design framework effectively enhances SL by efficiently utilizing cognitive resources and fostering deep engagement with complex concepts. Future research should investigate extending this design approach to other abstract scientific topics to broaden its educational impact. Copyright © 2025 The Author(s).

This study compares direct instruction to two constructivist approaches, namely experimentation and problem-based learning, in fifth-grade science learning in Hong Kong. Constructivist instructional approaches, contrary to direct instruction, stress on students' active role in constructing knowledge in learning. Experimentation and problem-based learning are constructivist approaches commonly adopted in science classes. Research has shown that experimentation enhances cognitive and affective learning outcomes, but mixed evidence has been found in similar comparisons between problem-based learning and direct instruction. We recruited 380 fifth-grade students, each of whom participated in a single science lesson that involved one of the three distinct instructional approaches. Results showed that students in the direct instruction group outperformed both the experimentation group and the problem-based learning group in immediate learning outcome as measured by a short test, while the three groups did not differ in learning interest. Immediate learning outcome and learning interest were weakly correlated only in the problem-based learning group. Our findings may be explained by students’ unaccustomedness to constructivist approaches arising from the unique cultural-educational environment in Hong Kong, where direct instruction is the norm and the curriculum prioritises memorisation and understanding of facts and concepts over discovery processes in learning. This inconsistency with the existing literature highlights the importance of considering cultural factors when evaluating the effectiveness of instructional approaches in primary school science education. Copyright © 2024 De La Salle University.

The initiation of formal science education provides an opportunity to investigate how age-related language and reading skills respond to the challenge of science literacy (SL) performance. SL in early primary schools refers to the understanding and application of scientific core ideas and practices for informed decision-making. Studies revealed that high levels of singular reading or language skills correlate with better SL performance in school settings. However, it is essential to explore how nuanced words and textual reading skills relate to SL performance for early primary learners. One hundred ninety-three Hong Kong second graders were assessed on word reading, reading comprehension, vocabulary, nonverbal reasoning, and SL. The hierarchical regression model shows that word reading and reading comprehension are significant predictors of SL, controlling for nonverbal reasoning and vocabulary. Further, mediation analysis reveals that reading comprehension significantly mediates the effect of word reading on SL at grade 2, suggesting a shared reading-SL cognitive process. A tailored early elementary school literacy instruction is a promising way to enhance SL development among young learners. Copyright © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.