背景：為了配合教育改革，教師必須有能力分析試題，以及從中反省改進自己的教學，達到通過評核促進學生學習，改進教師教學，朝向教學與評核結合，提升師生的教與學的質素之目的。
目的或討論焦點：本文把如何應用學生問題分析表及相關係數技術，對試題進行分析及反思某小學三年級數學的教學及評核設計求取「促進學習的評核」的真實經驗，和同工分享學者和前線教師的合作成果。
論點/評論/建議：在應用學生問題分析方面，我們提出在發展評核過程中，要注視三種層次：1. 教師於編寫評核材料前，應要有明確的評核目的；2. 編寫評核材料時，必要留意題意的清晰度、深淺度，以及是否能區別生的能力和如實地反映個別學生的能力；3. 施測後，教師應從評核材料中反思自己的教學程式和方法，從而作出適當的調整，以迎合學生的學習方法和進度。
總結：要做到教學相長，教師就要有能力分析評核學生的工具是否合乎教學目的和需要，以及理解評核結果和教學的關係。因此，教師於整個教學流程中，要結合評核和教學，對編製的評核材料要先進行分析，並依據結果進行修訂，用以達到真正評核學生的能力，同時要在編製之評核材料嚴謹性和有效性加以關注。
Background: Education reform in Hong Kong stresses the learning function of assessment. It is important for teachers to know how to do item analysis of a test. By analyzing the items of the test, teachers will understand how their students have learnt. This will help teachers plan their teaching and eventually help students learn.
Aims or focus of discussion: The author shares an "Assessment For Learning" experience of using Student-Problem Chart Analysis techniques and Correction Coefficient to a grade III Mathematical class in a Hong Kong primary school.
Arguments / comments / suggestions: The experience informed that, when using SPCA, three levels of focus should be considered during the formulating process of assessment tools in class. They included: 1) clear assessment objectives for assessment materials; 2) items clarification, appropriation, discriminative power should be considered; 3) deep reflection of teaching procedures and methods from the assessment materials after the measurement. Teachers should adjust their actions in order to suit the needs of students learning and progress.
Conclusion: It is essential for teachers to know how to analyze assessment tests. Good analysis entails being able to match learning objectives to the needs of their students. Deliberation should start well before the test is developed and after the results have been collected. Teachers should look into relevant materials when considering the test content, analyze

背景：校本評核是教育改革的新方案，不少國家引入校本評核輔助公開考試，拓闊評核的基礎，提升學習效能，然而很多研究發現教師對評核變革的信念足以影響其實施。
目的：香港中學會考中國語文於2005-06學年實行校本評核，本研究以個案形式探討教師對校本評核的信念及其如何回應此變革。
研究對象：兩位高中中文教師
研究方法：採用半結構式訪談及檔分析蒐集資料
研究結果：研究發現乙老師支持校本評核，採取積極態度，安排各種評估活動，豐富學習與評核的內容；而甲老師卻持觀望態度，採取最省時省力的方法實施校本評核而不影響教與學的常態，反而致力幫助學生應付公開考試。
結論：研究揭示教師的信念影響其態度、決策與行動，為政策制定者帶來重要的啟示。
Background: School-based assessment is a new initiative of education reform. Many countries from different parts of the world have introduced SBA to supplement public examinations, broaden the assessment base and enhance learning effectiveness. However, many studies uncover teachers' beliefs, which affect the implementation of SBA.
Aims: SBA has been implemented in Chinese Language of Hong Kong Certificate Education Examination since the academic year of 2005-06. This case study aimed at exploring teachers' beliefs on SBA and how they responded to the change.
Sample: two Chinese Language teachers who teach senior forms
Method: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis.
Results: The results showed that teacher B supported SBA and his attitude was positive. He was willing to arrange a variety of activities for assessment, enriching the contents of learning and assessment. However, teacher A with dubious attitude towards SBA, adopting time-saving and energy-saving strategies to implement SBA without hampering the norms of teaching and learning. Effort was focused on helping students prepare for the public examination.
Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of teachers' beliefs, which exerted influence to their attitudes, decision making and action. The findings have important implications to policy makers.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

背景： 近年，香港推行教學和評估的改革，很多教師有機會參與不同的培訓課程，認識到語文教學和評估的新趨勢。他們對實踐評估理念提出很多意見。
目的：1. 探討教師對語文評估新趨勢理念的認識和實踐的情況 ；2. 探討教師在現行語文評估遇到的困難
調查對象：研究對像是香港小學中國語文科教師，選取2005-2006年度，修讀香港教育學院中文學系舉辦的小學語文科教師專業進修課程的學員為研究樣本。
調查方法：本研究採用定量研究和定質研究兩種調查方式。定量研究方法是採用問卷調查方式，派發了九十份問卷，收回八十份，回收率達百分之八十九。定質研究方法是採用與教師面談方式，訪問六位元教師，他們來自不同的學校，教齡在五年以上。
調查結果：調查發現大部分教師認同指引中提出的評估理念，但是對於如何落實新的評估理念仍存有疑問的。教師應用多元化評估方法遇到了不少的困難。同時教師卻深受考試「倒流效應」的影響，教師為了應付「全港基本能力評估」，常給學生操練式的練習和補課，影響教師的課堂教學，妨礙了教師實行多元化的評估。
總結：香港近幾年提出了新的語文評估理念，研究發現教師對實踐評估理念是有困難的。要確切落實新語文評估的理念，教師培訓人員、校長、教師和家長多方面的支持和配合是不可或缺的。
Background: In recent years, reforms on Chinese language assessment have been introduced in Hong Kong. Teachers have attended different seminars about the new trend of assessment in Hong Kong and they have opinions on it.
Aims: (1) To find out primary Chinese language teachers' perception and their implementation of the new assessment. (2)To explore the difficulties teachers encounter in the implementation of the new assessment.
Sample: The sample was chosen from the in-service primary Chinese language teachers who enrolled in the five weeks retraining course during the academic year 2005-2006. They were qualified and experienced teachers.
Method: Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used in this study. Questionnaires were sent to 90 in-service primary Chinese language teachers and 80 returned the questionnaires, the return rate is 89%. Then, a total of six teachers were interviewed, all are experienced teachers with at least five years of teaching.
Results: Finding indicates that many teachers agree with the rationale of the new assessment, however, they do not actually know how to implement it in their classrooms. They encounter difficulties in implementation. The 'backwash effect' has great impact on their teaching.
Conclusion: Finding indicates that many teachers encounter problems in the implementation of the rationale of new assessment. However, it is suggested that

Background: The literature suggests two main types of orientations influencing teachers' choice of assessment strategies--"Knowledge acquisition and retention (K orientation)" and "Understanding and Conceptual change (U orientation)" with the former more directly related to surface learning types of assessment strategies and the latter more to do with strategies which encourage deep learning.
Aims: The study aimed to investigate what kinds of strategies teachers used to assess their students and how teachers' self-reported assessment strategies reflected the orientations suggested in the current literature. In addition, it identified the governing forces that impacted on the orientations of the teachers in their assessment strategy selection.
Sample: Ninety-four Hong Kong teachers from nine primary schools and six secondary schools took part in semi-structured interviews which focused on the strategies they used for assessing their students.
Results: The teachers reported using many types of strategies including tests, exams, projects, etc. The results of the study showed that there were forces that drew teachers towards "Knowledge acquisition and retention" orientation while selecting assessment strategies for use.
Conclusion: More effort has to be made to encourage teachers to attain a better balance between assessment aimed at measuring knowledge and assessment aimed at learning and understanding.
背景: 文獻指出教師在選擇評估策略上有兩種主要取向 - 「知識的獲取與記憶」(知識取向) 及「理解與概念的轉變」(理解取向)。「知識取向」的評估策略偏向淺層次的學習；而「理解取向」的評估策略是鼓勵深層次的學習。
目的: 本研究的目的是瞭解教師選擇甚麼評估策略來評估學生，分析他們選取評估策略的取向，及找出主導他們對評估策略取向的因由。
取樣: 本研究訪問了九十四位來自九所小學及六所中學的香港教師。
結果: 本研究的結果顯示教師曾經使用不同種類的評估策略，包括測驗、考試及專題計劃等。當教師選擇評估策略的時候，有一些外在的力量使他們傾向於選擇「知識取向」。
結論: 有需要增強相關的做法，令教師擺脫這些限制，使「用評估量度知識」與「用評估學習和理解」之間取得平衡。
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

本文首先分析中小學教育實踐中人們混淆常模參照與目標參照兩種測試的原因，進而提出一些實施目標參照測試的方法，如設計參照標準，合理地命題、評分、解釋分數等，從而使校內測試更好地促進學生全面地、積極地、創造性地學習。
This paper begins with analyzing the reason why Criteria-referenced and Norm-referenced tests are often misunderstood and misused in schools. It then goes on to suggest some methods in implementing the school-based Criteria-referenced tests, including setting up standards for assessing academic achievement, designing test questions and interpreting test's results. In so doing, we aim to improve the quality of school-based tests in order to engage students in a more active and creative way of learning.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

This paper details the development and validation of the multiple-choice cloze test for the Hong Kong SAR Government's English language benchmarking initiative. The paper briefly describes the background to and rationale behind the benchmarking initiative. It then discusses how well the test worked and the suitability of a cloze test for use with teachers in a high-stakes examination context. The paper describes two cloze tests, set within the Reading Test component of the test battery, which were destined to be used as specimen benchmark test material and prepared for trailing, together with an established anchor test with known values. Efforts were made to include item types which tapped more than mere lexical / grammatical features, e.g., features of discourse and cohesion. The means which emerged on the two cloze tests would appear to indicate that the difficulty levels of the cloze tests trailed for use with teachers are appropriate. Item discrimination figures were also high, indicating that item types generally worked well and that the cloze test is able to differentiate teachers of differing abilities effectively.
本文詳述由香港特別行政區政府倡議的英語基準試中的多項選擇填空測驗(Multiple-choice clozetest) 的發展與成效。文中先簡介基準試的背景及其理論基礎，然後討論這個測驗運用上的適切性。本文論述的兩個填空測驗是屬於閱讀理解組內的測試類別，是預定作為基準試的測試材料樣本，同時更與一已建立信度的測驗一併使用。在測試項目的揀選方面，已盡量包括各項不同的類別，不僅側重詞匯及語法，還有其他如篇章結構等之特點。而這兩個填空測驗所得出的平均值正好標示上述測驗之程度是適合的，且各項目間的數據區分亦高，由此可見測試的項目大體上是運用成功的。填空測驗確能有效地辨別教師的不同能力。
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

This paper aims to explore rater behaviour in assessing oral presentations using verifiable quantitative measures (VQM) as an external validity check on ratings. Twelve raters from a range of backgrounds were recruited to rate 115 Secondary 3 student oral performances in 'individual presentations'. These performances were drawn from a sample of 10 schools participating in a pretest conducted for the commencement of the oral component of Hong Kong's Territory-wide System Assessment in 2006. About 20 students were drawn from each school in three ability categories: low, medium and high. Students were selected based on their internal examination results. Fifty-eight of the 115 student performances were transcribed and assessed on VQM for 'ideas and organisation', 'vocabulary and language patterns' and 'pronunciation and delivery'. VQM results were correlated (Spearman's and Pearson's 'r') against fair average scores derived from Rasch analysis of ratings. The resultant correlations ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. It was concluded that raters were estimating values for constructs highly similar to those measured in VQM.
本研究是以可驗證的量化量度方法，探究英文科說話評審員在說話評估「個人短講」中的評審表現。是次研究，邀請了12位具有不同學歷及經驗的人士擔任說話評審員，對115位中學三年級學生進行說話能力測試，評審學生的說話能力。這些學生是來自於參加2006 年「全港性系統評估」預試的學校。參加預試的學校共有10所，其中包括不同能力組別的學生。每所學校都是根據校內的英文科成績(高、中、低)，挑選20位學生參加說話能力測試。是次研究是從115位參加測試的學生中，抽取了58位學生進行研究，以文字紀錄了這些學生在個人短講中的內容，再以可驗證的量化量度方法(VQM)，評估學生在「內容和組織」、「詞彙和句式」和「發音和表達」三方面的表現。本研究亦利用史比爾曼「」及皮爾遜「r」計算VQM 數據和羅許平均值的相關系數。是次研究所獲得的相關系數為0.6 至0.9 。總而言之，說話評審員給予評級的建構值和VQM 所得的結果甚為相近。
[Copyright of Hong Kong Teachers' Centre Journal is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Centre at http://www.edb.org.hk/hktc]