A comparison of the practices of native and non-native teachers of English-as-a-second-language writing in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore based on a Questionnaire and follow-up interviews revealed a gap between teachers' ideal and actual practice, similar perceptions of the constraints preventing them from teaching according to their Preferred practice, and a general lack of training in process writing. Many of the teachers took a middle-of-the-road approach combining product and process teaching philosophies, with a somewhat more traditional approach taken by non-native speakers of English and those teaching in Asian countries. Those teaching in Australia were the most process-oriented in theory and practice, those teaching in Japan were the most product-oriented in theory and practice, while those teaching in the other countries of the survey showed a greater difference between theory and practice and more variation across individual teachers. The results can be interpreted to mean that the community of explanation (theory or ideal for practice) and the community of practice (actual practices) among teachers of English composition are not always well-aligned. While the rhetoric of process writing is generally the basis of the teachers' ideal or teaching philosophy, this rhetoric may mask a shallow commitment to the practices of process writing, and teachers may undermine the basis of process writing in attempting to selectively implement its tenets or to blend process and product elements in their teaching of writing. On the other hand, it may be that teachers of English in the Asia-Pacific region are developing a compromise teaching approach that combines process and product elements in a new synthesis.
[Copyright © 1997 Sage Publications.]

The key to successful of assessment reform depends on how teachers understand the concept and practices of assessment. Brown s (2003 & 2004) studies provided initiation for educators in this area. Different versions of Brown s questionnaire on teachers conceptions of assessment (TCoA-III) used both in Hong Kong and China rendered new insights and information into the wide range of conceptions and practices of assessment among Chinese practitioners (Brown, et al., 2006 and Li & Hui, 2007). These results showed that there might be fundamental difference in conceptions and practices of assessment between practitioners in a Chinese context and those in the West. Using interviews to tap into the minds of the local teachers, this study sets off to investigate the missing conception of assessment among Hong Kong teachers. Qualitative interviews were conducted among local practitioners of different backgrounds and subject specialists. The study is able to validate traditional, unwritten as well as unique conceptions of assessment held within Chinese teachers. Preliminary results show that there are cultural-specific as well as context-based differences. The former is illustrated by examples such as assessment as a way of promoting industriousness among students and assessment as differentiating brilliance in studying. The latter is supported by examples of using assessment to predict and boost the results of Territory-wide System Assessment which indicates individual school s standards in key learning areas for the purposes of school improvement. The results are helpful in revealing the possible cultural factors and their influences that contributes to the dissimilarities found in the conceptions and practices in assessment. It also provides insights of why these conceptions govern the ways in which assessment is practised in local schools. This missing link broadens our understanding about and allows us to better measure teachers conceptions and practices of assessment.

Exploring teachers' attitudes towards research is always interesting. Following the decision of the Education and Manpower Bureau to create a position of Primary School Master/Mistress (Curriculum Development) (PSM(CD)) in Hong Kong primary schools, it becomes significant to understand and beliefs which these curriculum leaders hold with respect to action research - as a means to help schools to reflect upon their strengths and to decide how best to bring about reform in curriculum. A survey of 209 PSM(CD)s suggested that in general they favoured using research in their work. A four-factor model indicated that the majority of the respondents perceived themselves as having the ability to do research, valued research for professional development and providing solutions to teaching and learning deficiencies, and found the action research course useful. The survey results showed that demonstrated research experience and holding higher degree qualification had no significant impact on attitudes to action research, but that those attitudes were associated positively with the participants' sense of self-efficacy, an internal locus of control and their commitment to their school. The work will contribute to gaining an understanding of how curriculum leaders' participation in school-based curriculum research and development can be facilitated.
[Copyright © 2008 Academic & Professional Book Centre.]

Life history is regarded as a significant source of information for the comprehension of teacher development and identity. This study examines the biography of a migrant teacher from China to Hong Kong. The narrative biographical study explores how the subjective reality and the historical factors mingle with the evolving background of the teacher’s professional life. Major sources of influence include communist education, family education, suffering in political upheavals and early teacher professional experience. The problems she encountered in the local schools after migrating were found attributing to the incompatible practices and cognition acquired in China. This study provides evidence of how teachers develop on the basis of their biography. Practical insights for teacher education and in-service teacher training can be drawn from this study.

This study is the second phase of a long term evaluation exercise namely: An Evaluation of the 9-year Compulsory Education of Hong Kong. This research is planned to focus on the following areas to delineate the causes of students' learning problems which have not been addressed thoroughly and deeply enough during the first phase: A. the nature (selective vs. universal education) of the formal and instructional curriculum; B. teachers' knowledge and belief learned from teacher education institutions; C. classroom climate and students' cognitive and effective learning process.

Stress is an inseparable part of teacher development (Fimian and Blanton, 1986; Kelly and Berthelsen, 1995). The present study tries to look at late entrants' stress experiences when undertaking teacher training programme in the Hong Kong Institute of Education. The research focuses on the strategies adopted by late entrants to cope with stress during teaching practice. The subjects of the study were formerly professionals in industries but were attracted to enroll in teaching training course. It is a small scale empirical study using stress log (Gmelch, 1993), recordings of group sharing meetings and interviews to investigate into the ways student teachers deal with stress. Qualitative research procedures were employed for data analysis. Various strategies were adopted by the student teachers. It is found that these subjects used both generic and idiosyncratic strategies to cope with stress. They also showed some interesting perception on handling difficult situations in the classroom. Useful implications are found for assisting student teachers in coping with stress.

The State Education Development Commission in China introduced the communicative syllabus in 1992. However, evidence indicated that the traditional structured-based approach was still prevalent in the English classroom. The paper is an attempt to examine rural teachers’ concerns regarding the adoption of a communicative language teaching (CLT) approach in their classroom. The data for the investigation came from teachers’ journals written during a two-week training programme organized by a Hong Kong voluntary group in Gansu Province, classroom observations, interviews, as well as written correspondence between the teachers and the mentors. The analysis showed that the teachers were positive about the effectiveness of CLT in motivating students to learn English. However, a number of teachers’ concerns that might hinder the adoption of CLT were revealed. Examples of these included teachers’ low English proficiency, lack of confidence, a misconception of CLT, poor understanding of language teaching and insufficient acquisition of teaching skills. The measures taken to help the teachers during the programme were discussed. It is hoped that the discussion contained in this paper could lead to a more frequent professional exchange between teachers from the mainland and Hong Kong so that CLT can be elevated to a new level for the benefits of both teachers and students.