This study sets out to address the call for more ecologically valid research within the field of second language acquisition (SLA) (e.g., Spada, 2015). A considerable body of research has investigated the effects of input spacing, that is the amount of time between learning episodes, on the learning of foreign language (L2) vocabulary. This body of research has overwhelmingly demonstrated that more distributed conditions lead to better learning and retention than when there is a short gap between learning episodes (Carpenter, 2017) However, as the vast majority of this body of research has been carried out in laboratory settings with adult learners, the degree that these results necessarily generalize to authentic classroom contexts is questionable. The present study attempts to address this gap in the literature by examining the learning of L2 vocabulary within an authentic L2 learning context in an elementary school context in Hong Kong.This study followed a pretest-delayed posttest design to examine the effects on input spacing on the acquisition of L2 vocabulary, specifically English adjectives. Across four primary classrooms, participants (N=52, L1 Cantonese) were taught 20 English adjectives by their normal classroom instructors over two learning sessions. Half of these adjectives were taught following a spaced-short schedule (1 day between learning episodes), the other ten adjectives following a spaced-long schedule (8 days between learning sessions). A multiple choice post-test was administered following a 4 week delay. In contrast to the findings from previous, laboratory-based research, the results of this study found a significant advantage for the spaced-short condition, thus suggesting that previous findings of lag effects in L2 vocabulary learning might not be robust to the variabilities present in authentic learning environments. The results will be discussed further in light of previous research into distributed practice effects and theories of bilingual

Comprehending native English connected speech is a daunting task for most non-native speakers (NNS) of English, who often misinterpret such input and result in poor listening comprehension in authentic situations. These misinterpretations of native English speech are critical to understanding the mechanisms underlying connected speech perception and the recovery strategies employed by NNS. In this study, we tested the perceptual errors of native English connected speech by 60 undergraduate learners of English as a second language (ESL) in Hong Kong and systematically classified their dictation responses. A total of 640 errors were identified and subsequently categorized into 9 main types and 20 subtypes of errors. The absolute number and relative frequency for each types and subtypes were reported. Our findings should inform teaching practices of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) educators and subsequently enhance the English connected speech listening comprehension skills of NNS. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd.

This study examined the optimal learning schedule for second language vocabulary within an authentic classroom setting in Hong Kong. Following a pretest, treatment, delayed posttest design, fifty-two primary school students (Cantonese first language) studied 20 English adjectives over two learning episodes under spaced-short (1-day interval) or spaced-long (8-day interval) learning conditions. The spacing of the vocabulary items was manipulated within-participants, and learning was assessed on a multiple-choice posttest, administered following a four-week delay. In contrast to previous laboratory-based findings, the results here indicated superior learning of the items presented under the spaced-short format, suggesting that lag effects might be attenuated by age, learning context and teaching procedure. Copyright ©Sage Publications Ltd.

The present article lies at the intersection of research on teacher cognitions and the rising importance of literary texts in second language learning. It is a qualitative analysis of teacher reports on integrating Language Arts (LA) in the context of New Senior Secondary (NSS) English Language Curriculum in Hong Kong. In particular, this study explores three English teachers’ conceptions of teaching literary texts. Juxtaposing teachers’ views of LA integration and their personal experience of English language learning offers teacher educators a useful lens through which to view the personal practical nature of teacher cognition. It also unveils the factors influencing their conceptions of the place of literary texts in the English Language Curriculum. The results portray teachers as individuals with unique personal characteristics and backgrounds. It is hoped that the study will offer insights into the development of teachers’ personal practical knowledge (PPK) by highlighting their personal learning experience. The study suggests a reconsideration of the relationship between teacher knowledge and belief from various perspectives. Copyright © 2019 Editorial Board TESL - EJ. All rights reserved.

Previous studies have shown that teacher cognitions and practices in curriculum innovations can be inconsistent. This article describes the practical theory of a novice teacher in Hong Kong in reacting to the introduction of Language Arts (LA) elective modules in the New Senior Secondary (NSS) English Language Curriculum in Hong Kong by exploring her stated cognitions and observed practices as well as the factors mediating them. Data included an open-ended interview, 10 lesson observations and post-lesson interviews, as well as documentary analysis of the teaching and learning materials used. Analysis of the interview data showed evidence of a personal practical theory which recognises the merit of LA integration. The observation showed significant discrepancies between the teachers’ stated cognitions and the observed practices. Both her cognitions and practices were influenced by her understanding of LA derived from her previous learning experiences, the context in which she worked, students’ reactions; striking a balance between the creative and imaginative appeal of LA texts and grammatical accuracy in the exams in particular may have contributed to the divergence between cognitions and practices. Copyright © 2018 Asia TEFL.