This study examined the relation between the performance in a visual search task and reading ability in 92 third-grade Hong Kong Chinese children. The visual search task, which is considered a measure of visual-spatial attention, accounted for unique variance in Chinese character reading after controlling for age, nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, morphological awareness, phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, and rapid automatized naming. Visual search skill also explained unique variance in reading comprehension after further controlling for Chinese character reading. The findings of the present study underscore the importance of visual-spatial attention for Chinese reading, at both the character and text levels.
[Copyright of Scientific Studies of Reading is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2015.1030749]

Empirical Research Background: In constructing a reading ability scale for English, it was necessary to take the constituent testlets, items grouped within a single reading passage, seriously. That posed interesting and challenging problems for the calibration process. Empirical Research Aims: This paper attempts to show how to use the testlets as the main units for the construction of the reading ability scale. The exercise highlighted issues relating to item level and testlet level invariance, which would be interesting and informative for Rasch model applications. Empirical Research Sample: The sample in the study is around 5000 primary and secondary students in Hong Kong. Empirical Research Method: The scale calibration uses a series of linked reading comprehension tests acorss the full spectrum of the Hong Kong primary and secondary education. A three-facet Rasch model was used with testlets as an intermediate levels between items and students. The main issue to be considered is the selection of linking items across levels, giving due consideration to possible variance between levels and to the need to maintain invariance across the scale. The achievement of the latter will be the use of the anchoring of the testlets, while allowing some linking items to vary within the context of the testlet. Empirical Research RASCH: Multi-faceted Rasch models were used in the scale calibration. The exercise raises interesting issues on the definition of what constitutes a facet versus item grouping. Empirical Research Results: The exercise enabled the construction of a reading ability scale for English in Hong Kong. Empirical Research Conclusions: The reading ability scale provides the basis for tracking student reading ability in English across the full spectrum of education in Hong Kong. It has already been used in Macau and will be used in Taiwan.

Hong Kong teachers anecdotally refer to the setback in students' abilities over the summer holidays. Numerous studies in America reported that many students experienced learning setback when they did not engage in educational activities during the summer holidays. This project aims to apply the Rasch measurement model from data collected as part of research and development activities of the Centre for Assessment Research and Development (CARD) to develop an English reading achievement scale. The scale is derived from linked testlets, which were administered to students in eighteen primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. These linked items will serve as the benchmark for students, and will be used to measure the growth of students in English reading achievement after periods of four months of learning, one school year of learning and the effect of the summer holidays away from school.

This study is an extension of a previous methodologically exploratory study which established several multilevel value-added models to identify how different student and school factors influenced student English reading attainment in the nested school structure. The present study moved a step further to compare effectiveness of the models and determined the one most efficient at estimating school effects on adding value to their students' English reading ability from Secondary 1 to Secondary 6. Effectiveness of the most parsimonious model at presenting and interpreting the substantive findings was further tested using the same set of data. The data was collected from 3,993 students of 66 Hong Kong secondary schools in 2006. Students' English ability was tested at Form 1 intake and tested again at Form 6. The background information, such as student and school demographic and contextual factual data, was also collected. Partialing out influence from student and school level background factors, the relative progress made by students from different schools was compared. Specific findings on value-added effects of the schools are plotted thus providing distinctive graphic information. The findings will provide some insightful indications to the authorities and educational practitioners for student improvement and school effectiveness.

本研究旨在了解學生能否利用科學知識來學習中文成語，同時探討科學概念如何影響他們理建詞義，以助提升學生語文及科學學習的成效。研究以問卷形式進行，調查香港小六學生對中文成語之間的相互影響。是次調查共有三間小學約400名小六學生參與。研究結果顯示，學生已有的科學概念，對其學習中文成語是有幫助的；相反，在學習中文成語時，亦有助於加深學生的科學概念，亦了解成語的比喻；二、認識成語的中文解釋，但不了解當中字詞的科學意義，這或由於教師在教授中文成語時，並沒有為學生仔細解釋字詞的科學概念；三、明白成語其中字詞的科學解釋，但並未能了解成語的引申意義。這是因為在教成語的時候，一般老師麵只注重詞語的比喻義或引申義，較少在字詞的本藝下工夫，這造成學生對詞語的認識住住是模稜兩可。因此，在掌握有科學概念的詞語時，可以在教學上加強字詞的本戡，給學生概念上更準確的意戡。這不但提高學生的學習興趣，也增強他們的科學知識，並訓練他們在跨學科概念上的互相應用。同時，教師應利用文字或語言特色設計教學活動，把科學學習與語文教學融合起來。