Effective teacher training programs entail cultivating not only professional teaching competencies but also promoting psychological strengths. However, there is a lack of investigation into how different modes of delivering psychological interventions influence well-being outcomes in the teaching profession, such as preschool educators. This study examines the effects of different technologically driven modes of implementing a PROSPER-based psychological intervention on positivity, relationship, outcome, strengths, purpose, engagement, and resilience. One hundred twenty-eight pre-service preschool teachers were randomly assigned to (1) the full intervention (i.e., online workshop and smartphone app); (2) the online workshop; (3) the smartphone app; and (4) the wait-list control group. The results demonstrated that the online workshop mode yielded the strongest intervention effects on well-being outcomes: positivity, purpose, engagement, and resilience. Although the smartphone app mode did not significantly improve psychological outcomes, combining this approach with the online workshop format appeared to have positive retention effects on positivity at the Time 3 follow-up. The findings suggest that the traditional mode of implementing positive psychological interventions could be more effective than the smartphone app-based mode in bolstering pre-service teachers' well-being. Copyright © 2023 International Association of Applied Psychology.

Curriculum reforms in Hong Kong have put more emphasis on play pedagogy juxtaposed with teacher-directed academic learning. Against this background, this study investigated the nature of the play-based learning approach by reviewing Fröbel’s play pedagogy (Spielpädagogik) and comparing it with the policies and practices of the play-based curriculum in Hong Kong. Data collection consisted of observations, interviews, and analyses of curriculum documents. Based on Fröbel’s educational philosophy on Spielpädagogik, policy documents and the results of empirical studies were analyzed and critically compared. The findings showed that Hong Kong’s play-based learning curriculum had some elements in common with Fröbel’s Spielpädagogik; however, the child-initiative (Selbstbestimmung) aspect emphasized in Fröbel’s Spielpädagogik was not commonly observed in Hong Kong’s classrooms because of time constraints and other sociocultural factors. There were also similarities between Fröbel's “play care” (Spielpflege) and teachers’ roles in children’s play advocated by Hong Kong’s curriculum policies. Yet, comparatively, Fröbel’s play care gave clearer directions on teachers’ roles, particularly on how to use language to guide children’s play. The research findings provide clearer insights into how the play-based approach in Hong Kong should move forward, and suggestions for which direction other places advocate play-based approach should take. Copyright © 2023 EECERA.

Computational thinking (CT) practices is a critical cognitive tool for students to overcome challenges in this technological era. Few studies investigated CT practices from a development perspective. A two-year intervention was implemented in 30 intervention and 22 control schools in Hong Kong to promote CT education (T1baseline: N = 13,056; T2: N = 16,367; and T3: N = 15,269). Senior primary students (grades 4 to 6) around 8–12 years old were targeted. Among them, 34% were girls at T1baseline. Their learning progression of cognitive development was assessed with a CT practices test. Data were analyzed using item response analysis. Learning trajectories of CT practices were modeled to understand how students’ cognitive development differed between schools. Insights of findings were discussed in bringing CT practices to life. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Proficiency in speaking is one of the hallmarks of communicative competence, which is currently a key goal of many FL education curricula. The present study examined how FL-related emotions (anxiety, boredom, and enjoyment), speaking motivation, and spoken input beyond the classroom (IBC) related to young EFL learners’ speaking proficiency. One hundred and ten Grades 3–4 EFL learners from four primary schools in Hong Kong completed a questionnaire and a speaking test. Their parents/guardians also attended individual interviews. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis. Overall, all three emotions were interrelated, but none was connected directly to speaking proficiency. Enjoyment had the strongest correlation with speaking motivation and proficiency, and it was predictive of proficiency only via speaking motivation (i.e., full mediation). IBC showed both significant direct and indirect predictive pathways towards proficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the interrelationships among the three emotions, speaking motivation, spoken IBC, and speaking proficiency holistically with young FL learners. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

中國語文科課程的教學目標著重語⽂能⼒的訓練，也強調思想的啟發和品德的培養。 課程由2015年中四開始引入十二篇指定文言經典學習材料為「指定考核作品」，並由2018年香港中學文憑考試開始考核。指定文言經典學習材料為文質兼美的作品，有豐富的文學、文化內涵，既鞏固學生語文學習，也可以促進文化和品德情意等範疇的學習，是語文教學的重要部份。本研究本文透過價值觀主題類目量表進行內容分析，探討課程教材的價值取向。教師以教材文本為基本，配合課程意識、教學知識和專業能力，覺知教材文本的意涵，實施教學方案，達至教學目標。本研究再通過訪談，瞭解教師的教學構想，發掘課程潛能，為教師的課堂教學提供參考。 Copyright © 2023 歐洲漢語教學協會.

中國古代文論，又稱中國文學批評，以中國傳統的文學理論及批評為研究對象。《四庫全書》集部列有“詩文評”，著錄的是古代詩文理論及批評的著作。 中國古代文論與古代文學創作密切相關，其所針對的是中國古代文學現象及作品，是對歷代文學傳統的理論總結，形成了一套理論範疇及審美命題，如風骨、神韻、興趣、妙悟、意象、意境、詩言志、文如其人、以意逆志、意在言外、情景交融等。而這些範疇及命題又對古代作家的創作具有指導意義，是中國古代文學的觀念基礎。 如西方古典詩歌理論的主軸是“模仿說”，關注的是作品與客體的關係，而中國古代詩論的主軸是“詩言志”，關注的是作品與主體、即詩與作者的關係，由此產生了“詩如其人”、“以意逆志”、“知人論世”等創作觀及作品評鑑的方法論。 在文言文教學中，教師瞭解中國古代文論的特徵及傳統，吸納中國古代文論的理論範疇及價值系統，可達到深化對中國古典作品的理解的教學效果。本報告將結合指定文言文範文，對此做分享。 Copyright © 2022 香港教育大學中國語言學系.

Few studies have explored primary school teachers’ e-assessment practices in conditions of emergency remote teaching caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns. This study explored Hong Kong primary school teachers’ e-assessment practices during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic from late January to March 2022, when all primary schools were closed and transitioned rapidly to online teaching. 48 teachers from different schools were individually interviewed. The participants reported a variety of e-assessment practices, which were categorised into three types: e-tests/exercises, alternative e-assessments and e-teacher feedback. It was found that participants cautiously approached e-tests for summative purposes but majorly for formative purposes. It was also found that the participants less frequently used alternative e-assessments and tried out e-feedback. The participants’ e-assessment practices were influenced by their own conceptions of the usefulness of e-assessment, others’ attitudes towards its use, and perceived behavioural control. Crises such as pandemics and climate disasters will inevitably disrupt education again in the future. The findings of this study encourage policy makers, researchers and teachers to rethink the purposes and process of e-assessment in primary classrooms, thus sustaining, deepening and focusing on learning in the ‘new normal’. COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to break away from content-heavy summative assessment and to make effective use of technology to enhance formative assessment. Copyright © 2023 ICLT.

We used social learning theory to examine whether a supportive school environment and formal entrepreneurship education (EE) are linked to secondary school students’ entrepreneurial attributes. We obtained responses to survey questions from 850 students from a total of 28 secondary schools in Hong Kong. We then employed structural equation modelling to test the associations of formal teaching and the school environment with students’ entrepreneurial attributes. Entrepreneurship consists of four distinct constructs: opportunity recognition, innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness. Students in supportive school environment show greater entrepreneurial attributes, but those receiving formal teaching of entrepreneurship show fewer entrepreneurial attributes. These findings provide important insights that can be used for reassessing notions of entrepreneurship in school students, particularly in secondary school students. Copyright © 2023 AERA.

Theoretically, abundant conversation experiences are necessary for young children to develop their preliteracy skills – the foundation for reading comprehension. But very few studies have provided empirical evidence on it. This study investigated whether K1 children experiencing a higher quality of teacher-child conversations would perform significantly better in preliteracy skills (phonological awareness, morphological awareness and oral language) and word reading and whether the quality of teacher-child conversations could moderate the contribution of preliteracy skills to word reading. Results supported the theoretical importance of good teacher-child dialogues in developing young children’s preliteracy skills and suggested that the effectiveness of preliteracy skills training might depend on the verbal environment children experience at preschools. Copyright © 2023 AERA.