背景：近年教育改革成為世界各地廣泛關注的公共政策議題，而各地教育改革的經驗更是值得詳加比較與研究，以作為相互參照之用。
目的或討論焦點：本文把分析及討論之重心聚焦在教育改革過去20 年在香港的發展經過、主要改革措施，以及教改的矛盾和影響之上。
論點/評論/建議：全文共分四部分。第一部分概括地回顧香港教育改革自20 世紀80 年代的發展背景與演變狀況；第二部分則集中探討教育改革的主要內容，特別關注學制、學校管理、質素評鑑、教師專業及辦學模式等方面的轉變；第三部分分析及討論該等改革措施的影響及啟示；最後為總結部分。
總結：本文著重指出，近年香港教育改革明顯受到其他地區所進行之改革所影響，與海外地區相似的是教育質素指標化、權力下放與集權同時出現，以及商業化或市場化等。這些因素都深刻地影響著教育工作者的工作。
Background: Recently, education reform has been a focus of public policy discussion. It is valuable to compare the education reforms in different places in order to reach a deeper understanding of the reform in a particular place.
Aims or focus of discussion: The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the process, major measures and changes over time in relation to education reform in Hong Kong. It also examines the problems and impacts involved.
Arguments / comments / suggestions: The paper is divided into 4 parts: (1) a review of education reforms since the 1980s; (2) the major measures adopted, particularly those related to the education system, school management, quality assessment, teacher professionalism and the school system; (3) a discussion on the impacts of these reform measures; and (4) conclusion.
Conclusion: This paper points out that the Hong Kong education reforms, being affected by experience elsewhere, are dominated with several features, such as the stress on quantifying education quality, the simultaneity of evolution and centralization, and the education marketization, which are all important factors that affect the teaching life of ordinary Hong Kong teachers.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

背景：香港政府自2000 年開始施實教師「語文能力要求」以及相應的「教師語文能力評估」。在這項政策之下，全港中小學的常額英文和普通話科教師必須在特定時限之前達到相關語文能力要求，否則將不獲准繼續任教英文或普通話科。政府的是項舉措在本港教育界引發了廣泛的爭論。
目的：本研究目的在於調查政府該項措施實施兩年之後，受影響的中學普通話科教師對政府此項舉措的一般意見和態度。
調查對象：本研究的調查對象為香港中學普通話科科主任教師。
調查方法：本研究採用直接問卷的方式進行。以郵寄方法向香港400 間中學的普通話科科主任進行問卷調查，成功收回問卷177 份。
調查結果：結果顯示，普通話科教師一般認為，政府的這項政策對於語文教師的專業發展有其必要；但是，由於政府強力推行是項政策，加重了教師的工作負擔，所以不受教師們的歡迎。
總結：如果想令到政府的這項政策得到語文教師的歡迎，政府必須有相應的措施有效地減輕受影響教師的工作壓力，因為是項政策的實施實際上加重了教師業已十分繁重工作量。
Background: Since 2000 Hong Kong government has pursued a new policy of Language Proficiency Requirement (LPR) and conducted Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (LPAT). under witch all English/Putonghua teachers holding a permanent post in a public-sector schools or a local private primary/secondary day schools offering the full curriculum will not be allowed to teach English or Putonghua if he or she had not met the required language proficiency level by specific deadlines. This policy triggered off a heated debate from all sides of education circles in Hong Kong.
Aims: This study aims to collect the general opinions and attitudes of Putonghua teachers towards this new government’s policy two year after the policy had been put into practice.
Sample: Questionnaires were sent to 400 secondary schools and total of 177 questionnaires filled in by secondary school Putonghua subject chair teachers were collected.
Method: Questionnaire survey was conducted and the written responses received from the respondents were tabulated.
Results: This study found that the secondary school Putonghua teachers generally disliked the new policy of LPR which had been strongly carried out by the government, although the new policy was accepted as a necessary step for Putonghua teachers' professional development.
Conclusion: To make the new policy favorably received by language teachers, the government needs to do something substantially to lessen the burden of affected teachers, because

Hong Kong adopted the principles of School-based Management (SBM) as a basis for initiating its project of "School Management Initiative" (SMI) in 1991, and imposed the SBM scheme in all primary and secondary schools in 2000. An essential feature of the scheme is the requirement of all schools to produce an Annual School Plan to guide its activities during the year so as to ensure more systematic planning and evaluation of programs of activities in schools and to report their performance. The author has been invited to provide related consultancy services in many primary and secondary schools since 1998. A postal survey was carried out in late 2001/2002 to identify a number of issues related to the implementation of annual school plans in Hong Kong primary and secondary schools. A total of 1,251 questionnaires filled in by teachers were collected from 36 primary and 27 secondary schools. This paper presents some of the difficulties encountered by school teachers in their writing up and implementation of annual school plans as identified through the author's consultancy work and the written responses in the questionnaires, and describes some useful techniques introduced to schools that were being practised and found to be useful. It was found that it usually takes one planning cycle (one year) of experience together with proper staff training and guidance before school teachers really get the confidence of implementing school planning.
一九九一年，香港按「校本管理」原則推行「學校管理計劃」。「校本管理」概念更於二○○○年在各中小學全面執行。「校本管理」精髓在於要求所有學校制定周年計劃書，以釐定學校在該學年所舉辦的活動，確保校內各項活動及計劃的策劃及評估工作均能有條不紊地進行，並就其表現作出匯報。
作者自一九九八年起獲邀出任多間中小學之校本管理計劃顧問。並於二○○一年底至二○○二年間，以郵寄方式向香港各中小學教師進行問卷調查，以探討推行學校周年計劃所引起的一些問題，最後成功收回三十六間小學及二十七間中學教師所交回共1,251 份問卷。作者從顧問工作及問卷調查所收取的書面回應中發現，教師在草擬周年計劃書及推行有關計劃時均遇上困難，本文找出其中一些例子並加以論述，同時亦提出一些在學校行之有效的有用技巧。調查發現大部份學校需要一年的策劃週期汲取經驗，再加上教師接受適當的訓練及指導後，方能滿有信心地切實推行學校計劃。
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association

在學校裏，校長的領導固然重要，但是沒有高質素的中層管理人員的協助和配合，要達致優質學校教育的目標是有困難的。中層管理人員是學校的骨幹，亦是校長和教師的橋樑，他們在學校扮演著很重要的角色。近年，由於校本管理的落實和多項教育變革在學校推行，大大增加了中層管理人員的工作量和領導需求。本文透過對六十多名負責推行教育變革的學校中層管理人員，瞭解他們在其崗位上所面對的困難，並作出了分析及建議。
There is no doubt about the significance of principal leadership in schools. However, without the assistance and cooperation from the effective middle managers, it is difficult for principals to meet the targets for quality school education. School middle managers are the backbone of the schools and also the bridge between the principal and teachers. They play a crucial role in the school organization. Recently, the implementation of school-based management and many other school reforms in Hong Kong have increased the workload of middle managers. There is an increasing need of their leadership in schools. This study has collected data from about sixty middle managers who are responsible for implementing school reforms in the primary educational sector. Problems faced by the middle managers of Hong Kong primary schools in leadership are analyzed and discussed. Implications for future improvement are made.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

根據七號報告書的建議，教育署於成立了質素保證視學組後，標誌了香港學校教育的評估踏進一個新階段。九七以前，香港政府並沒有建立一個機制去評估公辦學校的表現。就學校教育的評估，本港學者鄭燕祥曾指出教育質素指標就是描述學校層面或系統層面的輸入、過程及產出主要方面的質素指標。但除了關注中央性指標外，亦有國際學者注視校本評估的重要性。故此，教育署亦鼓勵各學校進行校本自我評估，質素保證組於零零年發出一份學校自我評估資料冊，期大力推動本港學校的校本評估。而這篇文章的重心則在回顧校本評估的發展，引用一間曾受評鑑的學校同工的回應，探討香港學校校本評估的前景。
In order to pursue quality education in school, the Education Department set up the quality assurance framework for school education in 1997. This framework aims to achieve the due balance between providing support to school through school improvement and exerting pressure through accountability within this framework. External review on the performance of school is taken up by the Quality Assurance Inspection teams from Education Department and each school should carry out her self-evaluation. As part of school-based management, each school is engaged in on-going review of her strengths and weaknesses. This paper aims to discuss the development of school-based evaluation in Hong Kong by reviewing of related government policy papers and a case of an evaluated school.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

背景：1990 年代以來，香港政府銳意提高教師專業水準，積極地主導教師的專業發展。由於小學教師多屬非學位學歷，一向所接受的師資培訓也是針對通材教學的需要，政策的改變對他們做成很大的衝擊。
討論焦點： 本文從香港小學教師所處的脈絡因素入手，去探討他們專業化的路向，特別對影響教師專業發展的主導意識及權力形態，進行了分析。
論點： 香港教師專業化方向日益由政府的科層官僚主導，側重於教師專業發展，具體策略是以教師資歷要求系統化、專科知識化及持續專業發展制度化為特徵的。但各項政策的制訂缺乏協調，推行的方式多是由上而下，廣大教師處於被動位置。加上教師就業環境近年持續惡化，進修的選擇往往是為了迎合政策要求，以求自保，而並非是針對個人和整體學校發展的實際需要。
總結： 政府一方面提倡教師專業化，但另一方面透過行政指令，加強對教師專業化議程的主導和對教師整體性水準的監控，這種支配取向只會扼殺了教師的積極性。教師亦需積極爭取成立教師專業組織，以提高本身的專業自主權。
The paper examines the contextual factors and the dominant forces influencing the professionalisation of Hong Kong primary school teachers. The findings indicate that the recent direction of professionalisation has been focused on teachers' professional development, which has been increasingly controlled by the bureaucracy. The strategies for professional development are characterised by systemic requirements of teachers' qualification standards, specialist subject knowledge and continuing professional development. However, the policy formulation often lacks coordination, and the implementation process is typically top-down, with teachers' autonomy being ignored. In addition, amidst a worsening employment environment, teachers' choices of development activities are often aimed at meeting policy requirements, which may improve their job security. The findings suggest that the Government cannot advocate teacher professionalisation on the one hand, and mandate the professionalisation agendas and standards for teachers on the other, which would only ruin teachers' initiatives. Teachers also have to strive for the setting up of a professional body to exercise their professional autonomy.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

背景： 教統會在今年二月發表檢討中學教學語言及中一派位機制的諮詢文件，邀請各界回應。
目的： 本文主要是為回應上述的中學教學語言政策而寫。
論點： 文中指出主要有經濟、政治和教育三個因素影響著中學使用何種教學語文，在正常情況下，經濟為主導因素，故1949 年之前，學生多選讀中文中學，1950-97 年間則選讀英文中學，惟政府在回歸時的強制性母語教學政策，將政治因素放在首位，引至近年中學教學語文的亂局。
總結：要解救現今中學教學語文的困境，校本分流應是溫和的良方。
Background: The Education Commission is now reviewing the policy on medium of instruction and school places allocation in secondary schools of Hong Kong. They invite response from different sectors about the present policy.
Aim: This article is in response to the above invitation on the policy of medium of instruction.
Exposition: The economic, political and educational factors were found to be the main ones influencing the choice of medium of instruction in secondary schools. In particular, the economic factor was found to be the dominant one under normal situations. Before 1949, students chose to study in Chinese middle schools. They switched to choose Anglo-Chinese secondary schools during 1950-97. The scene has been seriously distorted recently due to the Government’s strong policy of imposing mother tongue education to a majority of secondary schools after 1997. Parents, students, and educators are unhappy about the Government's explicit intervention.
Conclusion: Language streaming within school will be a moderate but good way to resolve the dilemma of medium of instruction in secondary schools.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

促進香港的家庭與學校合作的教育改革始於1991《學校管理新措施》的第十項建議：讓家長參與學校管理。自此以後，家長參與學童教育的角色為教育界人士所認受，學校不但鼓勵家長在家中參與督導子女的學習，還邀請家長走進校內協助學校運作。本文利用相關的香港政府教育政策檔及學術文獻，試從歷史發展的角度，去分析香港家長在學童教育過程中蛻變的角色，並將香港家校關係的發展概念化為四個時期︰包括家 長沉默與順從期、家長權利的甦醒期、家校聯繫期和家長參與期，以反映在九十年代推展的校本管理運動中，家長在教育的角色，漸受政府和學校重視。
The educational innovation of promoting home-school cooperation has commenced since 1991, the year where the policy document, "The School Management Initiative", suggested inviting parents to participate in governing the school. Since then, parents' roles in children's schooling process have been recognized. Parents are not only encouraged to supervise their children's learning at home but also invited to offer assistance in school operation. With reference to the governmental policy documents and academic studies, this article attempts to portray the evolving roles of parents in children's education in times of reforms. Four stages of development of home-school relationships are conceptualized: quiescence and acquiescence, wakefulness of parents' rights, communication and participation. These stages reflect how parents' roles have gradually become significant and important in the movement of school-based management implemented in the 90s.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

Teacher culture is widely regarded as a factor affecting the success of school improvement efforts. Descriptions of teacher cultures in the literature are often rooted in particular historical, geographical and socio-political contexts, which may limit the wider applicability of these models. This paper goes beyond a simplistic comparison of schools against pre-defined models of culture. It provides a rare insight into one of Hong Kong's international primary schools and describes the centrality of collegial support in teachers' day-to-day lives. The evidence confirms that transformational forms of leadership are central to building a supportive school culture, but high expectations of teachers and strong collegial support do not create rigorous development of practice and may in fact work against it. This paper contributes to our knowledge of teacher cultures in a way which can help stimulate discussion of Hong Kong’s diversity of school types in more than simple structural terms.
老師文化被廣泛認為是影響學校成功改善的因素之一。文獻中描述的教師文化模式，多植根於歷史、地理及社會政治因素，因而限制了更廣泛地應用這些模式。這篇文章超越了簡單地把學校與既定文化模式作對比，對一所香港的國際小學提出精闢的見解，同時描繪老師日常生活互相支持的核心要素。研究數據證實，要建立學校支援文化，最重要的是轉化型的領導才能；此外，老師過高的期望和強有力的同儕支持，卻不能在實踐上產生精確的發展，甚至會造成反效果。這篇文章加深我們對教師文化模式的認識，從而激發我們對香港不同類型學校作深入探討，而不僅是依據簡化的系統作研究。
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

香港教育委員會於一九九五年成立學校教育檢討小組，負責評估實施了近二十年的強迫教育政策，為發展世紀的教育作好準備。教統會更於一九九九年提出『終身學習、自強不息』的教育改革建議，其中有關普及礎教育方面的原則，更是落實政策方向的先聲。本文以訪談形式，探究多位在大學任職的教育工作者，有關普及基礎教育的個人經驗和看法，對九年強迫教育政策，特別在課程管理、社會因素等問題提出獨特的意見。大多數受訪者認為政策重量不重質、目標不明確、課程改革不能切合社會需要等。其批評和實用的建議，對認識、分析和探究今後香港課程發展，有重大的啟示。
The Board of Education formed a committee in 1995 to review about school education after the introduction of 9-year compulsory education policy for nearly 20 years. This is a preparation for the development of education in the new millenium. The Education Commission proposed the idea of 'Learning for Life' as a major trend of the education reform in 1999. The guidelines in compulsory school education are among the forefront of the policy proposal. This is a report of the interviews with 7 curriculum scholars about their views in 9-year compulsory school education, especially in the area of curriculum management and social factors. These scholars generally felt that past policy was biased in the direction of quantity rather than quality, had no clear aims and objectives and could not fit the need of the society. Their criticism and suggestions were in depth and practical. It would shed important light to the understanding and analysis of curriculum development in the coming years.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]