背景：為了配合教育改革，教師必須有能力分析試題，以及從中反省改進自己的教學，達到通過評核促進學生學習，改進教師教學，朝向教學與評核結合，提升師生的教與學的質素之目的。
目的或討論焦點：本文把如何應用學生問題分析表及相關係數技術，對試題進行分析及反思某小學三年級數學的教學及評核設計求取「促進學習的評核」的真實經驗，和同工分享學者和前線教師的合作成果。
論點/評論/建議：在應用學生問題分析方面，我們提出在發展評核過程中，要注視三種層次：1. 教師於編寫評核材料前，應要有明確的評核目的；2. 編寫評核材料時，必要留意題意的清晰度、深淺度，以及是否能區別生的能力和如實地反映個別學生的能力；3. 施測後，教師應從評核材料中反思自己的教學程式和方法，從而作出適當的調整，以迎合學生的學習方法和進度。
總結：要做到教學相長，教師就要有能力分析評核學生的工具是否合乎教學目的和需要，以及理解評核結果和教學的關係。因此，教師於整個教學流程中，要結合評核和教學，對編製的評核材料要先進行分析，並依據結果進行修訂，用以達到真正評核學生的能力，同時要在編製之評核材料嚴謹性和有效性加以關注。
Background: Education reform in Hong Kong stresses the learning function of assessment. It is important for teachers to know how to do item analysis of a test. By analyzing the items of the test, teachers will understand how their students have learnt. This will help teachers plan their teaching and eventually help students learn.
Aims or focus of discussion: The author shares an "Assessment For Learning" experience of using Student-Problem Chart Analysis techniques and Correction Coefficient to a grade III Mathematical class in a Hong Kong primary school.
Arguments / comments / suggestions: The experience informed that, when using SPCA, three levels of focus should be considered during the formulating process of assessment tools in class. They included: 1) clear assessment objectives for assessment materials; 2) items clarification, appropriation, discriminative power should be considered; 3) deep reflection of teaching procedures and methods from the assessment materials after the measurement. Teachers should adjust their actions in order to suit the needs of students learning and progress.
Conclusion: It is essential for teachers to know how to analyze assessment tests. Good analysis entails being able to match learning objectives to the needs of their students. Deliberation should start well before the test is developed and after the results have been collected. Teachers should look into relevant materials when considering the test content, analyze

Background: Most previous research on beliefs on language learning (BALLs) has been focusing on tertiary level learners. Information of learners of other backgrounds is extremely lacking.
Aim: To identify the BALL patterns of Chinese ESL learners undertaking vocational education in the Hong Kong context and to explore the possible influences on their BALLs.
Sample: Questionnaires were administered to 243 Chinese ESL learners undertaking vocational education in Hong Kong.
Method: Surveys on the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) were conducted and descriptive analyses were performed.
Results: Results indicate that respondents endorsed the existence of a specialized ability on language learning. They believed in the existence of foreign language aptitude, but did not agree that they had a special ability of learning foreign language. Respondents regarded English a language of medium difficulty. One hour a day for one to two years was regarded as necessary for speaking the target language well. The learning of vocabulary and grammar were regarded as important, and respondents viewed foreign language learning as different from learning other academic subjects. Respondents were overwhelming in their view that it is best to learn English in an English-speaking country. In addition, they endorsed the importance of excellent pronunciation, repetition, practicing, guessing word meanings, and were tolerant of making mistakes in speaking. Finally, there existed a high level of motivation among the respondents, with instrumental motivation being more prevalent than integrative motivation.
Conclusion: Certain learner characteristics and features of the socio-linguistic context of the Hong Kong society are suggested to contribute to the unique BALL patterns of this group of learners. Several implications for teaching in light of the findings are suggested.
背景：過往大部份關於語言學習觀念的研究，對象為大專學生。現時關於其他背景的學生在這方面的資料很缺乏。
目的：找出在香港正接受職業教育的學生對語言學習的觀念

背景：一項全港首次進行的「幼兒教育質素意見調查」中，發現培養幼兒「藝術修養」及「創意」被評為最不受重視的教育素質項目。踏入廿一世紀，新科技，新概念不斷湧現，單靠傳統的知識灌輸已不足夠，教育需要與時並進，作出改變。
調查目的：探討如何透過「開放式」美勞活動提升兒童創造力，並研究何種形式的美勞教學方式有效提升兒童的創造力。
調查對象：年齡介乎5-6歲之間的8名幼稚園高班兒童及研究者 (教師)，在兒童進行美勞活動課程時，以個別的形式進行觀察；另該校校長被邀請作為觀察者對教師引導兒童進行美勞活動時的創意行為表現及特性作記錄
方法：採用「隨機抽樣」的方式，由教師 (研究員) 抽出年齡介乎5-6歲之間的8名幼稚園高班兒童，透過直接的觀察法及觀察評量表，在兒童進行美勞活動課程時，以個別的形式進行觀察；另邀請該校校長運用教師教學行為特性觀察評量，記錄教師引導兒童進行美勞活動時的創意行為表現及特性。以攝錄機拍攝活動進行時整個過程，透過錄影帶再附以評量表觀察兒童的行為表現及教師教學行為的特性。
結果：結果顯示「開放式」的美勞活動透過學習環境能有效提升兒童的創造力，創意的教師能有效推動「開放式」的美勞活動，使成為培育兒童創造力的催化劑。
總結：「開放式」的美勞活動能將兒童引入創作的空間，教師扮演的角色、採用的教學模式，和在環境上作出適當的預備和配合，可使兒童的創造力得以發展。
Background: In a territory–wide "quality early childhood education survey" conducted in Hong Kong recently, it was found that nurturing children's "artistic cultivation" and "creativity" has been rated the least quality and attention in the survey. The turn of the century, new technology, new concepts continue to emerge, traditional knowledge alone is not enough, education required to move with the time, and to make changes.
Aim: The study explores how the "open-ended" art and craft activities enhance children's creativity, and to study the mode of art and craft teaching methods that are effective to enhance children's creativity.
Sample: The study includes the researcher (class teacher), 8 randomly selected children aged from 5-6 in the upper class, and the kindergarten principal as the inter-rater.
Method: Direct observations are conducted on 8 children and the class teacher in the art and craft activities. By using direct observation, video-taping and rating scale, children's creative behavior and the characteristic of the class teacher's behavior are observed for further analysis. The principal was invited to be an inter-rater to observe the art and craft activities and score the teacher to establish inter-rater reliability.
Result: The study shows that "open-ended" art and craft activities effectively enhance children's creativity

Background: During the period of British colonial rule, the nature of civic education in Hong Kong was characterized as denationalized, depoliticized and decontextualized. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration substantially altered the nature of civic education. The "China Today" module of Liberal Studies (LS) was one of the results of the re-engineering the civic education. The teachers' paradigms of the "China Today" module were explored because the module used national themes as materials to inculcate values in students and is directly related to both citizenship education and national education.
Aim: The aim of this study is to examine teachers' paradigms of the "China Today" module through their conceptualization of citizenship and their perspective on teaching. Samples: Four secondary teachers of the "China Today" module were invited to participate.
Methods: Questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation were used to assess the teachers' perception and practices.
Results: Data from the questionnaire and interviews revealed that the four teachers highly valued moral, socially concerned citizens and democratic citizens. In terms of aims and approaches to citizenship education, the four teachers embraced the notion of citizenship as competence as aim and reflective-inquiry approach, but only two teachers were able to carry them out in the classroom setting. Another two teachers used transmission approach.
Conclusion: Framed by the notion of citizenship as competence as their aim and equipped in issue-enquiry or reflective-inquiry approach, and experienced in developmental perspective on teaching, the CSS2 and CSS3 teachers were able to cultivate in student' dispositions and skills. Teachers unaware of the citizenship framework and unfamiliar with the developmental perspective on teaching found it difficult to cultivate rational aspects of students.
背景：在英國統治期間，香港公民教育有以下的特色：就是課程不涉及祖國和政治，並且沒有脈絡。1984年，中英聯合聲明大大改變這本質

背景：香港中文科課程改革提倡以學生為主體的教學，建議教師避免過多採用灌輸的方式。
目的：本研究的要旨有二：(1)探討教師的教學信念類型、教學方式及兩者的關係，(2)教師的信念與教學方式能否配合新中文課程改革。
調查對象：邀請六位中學中文教師參與。
調查方法：以半結構式訪談、觀課及檔分析蒐集資料。
調查結果：研究發現教師持「傳授觀」教學信念以詳述範文為教學主要任務，多採用講述的方式教學，較少安排小組活動；而持「啟發觀」教學信念的教師傾向綜合讀寫聽說教學，除了運用講述的策略外，還安排各類活動促進學生學習。
總結：研究結果對課程設計、課程實施有很大的啟示，建議開辦發展改變教師教學信念的課程。
Background: There is a call for learner-centred approach in the new Chinese Language Curriculum of Hong Kong, teachers are advised not to overuse didactic strategy.
Aims: This study serves two aims: (1) To examine teachers' teaching beliefs, teaching approaches, and their relationship. (2) Do teachers' teaching beliefs and their teaching approaches meet the requirement of the new Chinese Language curriculum reform?
Sample: Six secondary Chinese teachers were invited to be informants.
Method: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and document analysis.
Results: This study found that the major concern of teachers with transmission view was to interpret prescribed texts in length; they were unlikely to arrange group activities. For teachers with heuristics view, they believed that integrating reading, writing, listening and speaking were desirable in learning. Apart from delivering lectures to students, they organized a variety of activities to facilitate students' learning.
Conclusion: The results of this study have important implications to curriculum design and implementation. It is suggested that teacher education of conceptual change should be developed.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]

背景：西方學者利用多元感官理論啟發，曾得到不俗的效果。但這教學法是否適用於中文寫作、是否能增強學生在各種文體中的表現則從未受到廣泛研究。
目的：測試以多元感官寫作教學法提高中文寫作的效能。
樣本：兩班修讀副學士的學生，分別接受前測、教學和後測 (N = 55)。
方法：本研究採用實驗方法，兩班學生皆接受多元感官寫作教學，學習的文體為描寫文和抒情文，各兩課節(每節課3小時，共12小時)。前測、後測均由同一老師評核。分析採用2 (時間) x 2 (文體)重複評核方差分析(repeated-measures ANOVA)。
結果：兩個主要結果均見成效，唯兩者間的的交互作用則並不顯著。
結論：證實感官寫作教學能有效地提升學生書寫描寫和抒情文。
Background: Western researchers have demonstrated that the multi-sensory approach to creative writing is effective in enhancing essay writing. However, this approach has never been tested in writing Chinese essays in various genres.
Aim: The study examines whether the multi-sensory approach can enhance Chinese essay writing performance.
Sample: Two classes of associate degree students who took a pretest and a posttest after an intervention (N = 55).
Method: An experiment was conducted with students from two classes taught with the multi-sensory approach. Both classes were taught the descriptive and expressive genres, each genre in 2 lessons (12 hours total). The same teacher scored each essay in the pretests and posttests. The analysis used a 2 (time) x 2 (genre) repeated-measures ANOVA.
Result: Both main effects (test and genre) were significant, but the interaction effect was not.
Conclusion: Evidence shows that the multi-sensory approach was effective in enhancing Chinese writing in the descriptive and expressive genres.
[Copyright of New Horizons: The Journal of Education, Hong Kong Teachers' Associationl is the property of Hong Kong Teachers' Association at http://www.hkta1934.org.hk/]